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Lakshmi Nambiar replied | 1 day ago

Let's break down the cell cycle into its phases:

*Interphase (3 parts)*

1. *G1 (Gap 1)*: The cell grows, replicates organelles, and prepares for DNA replication.

2. *S (Synthesis)*: DNA replication occurs, and the genetic material is duplicated.

3. *G2 (Gap 2)*: The cell prepares for cell division, producing organelles and proteins needed for mitosis.

*M Phase (2 main parts: Mitosis and Cytokinesis, now let's focus on Mitosis which has 4 stages)*

1. *Prophase*:

    - Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.

    - Nuclear envelope breaks down.

    - Spindle fibers form.

2. *Metaphase*:

    - Chromosomes align at the center of the cell (metaphase plate).

    - Spindle fibers attach to centromeres.

3. *Anaphase*:

    - Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

    - Spindle fibers contract.

4. *Telophase*:

    - Nuclear envelope reforms.

    - Chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin.

    - Cytoplasm divides ( cytokinesis starts).

Rajneesh replied | 13 hrs ago

🧬 Cell Cycle – Two Main Phases

  1. Interphase – The cell prepares to divide (about 90% of the cycle)

  2. M Phase (Mitotic Phase) – The cell actually divides into two daughter cells


🔵 1. Interphase

This is the preparation phase before the cell divides. It has 3 stages:

🟢 G₁ Phase (Gap 1)

  • Cell grows in size

  • Makes proteins and organelles

  • Cell performs its normal functions

  • Checkpoint: Is the cell ready to divide?

🟡 S Phase (Synthesis)

  • DNA is replicated (copied)

  • Each chromosome becomes double (with two sister chromatids)

🔴 G₂ Phase (Gap 2)

  • Cell continues to grow

  • Checks for DNA damage

  • Prepares for mitosis

  • Makes proteins needed for cell division


🔴 2. M Phase (Mitosis + Cytokinesis)

Now the cell divides into two daughter cells. Mitosis is divided into 4 main stages:

🧩 a) Prophase

  • Chromosomes condense and become visible

  • Nuclear membrane breaks down

  • Spindle fibers form and attach to chromosomes

🧭 b) Metaphase

  • Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell (at the equator)

  • Spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each chromosome

🧲 c) Anaphase

  • Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles

  • Now, each side of the cell has a complete set of chromosomes

🌙 d) Telophase

  • New nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes

  • Chromosomes uncoil

  • Cell is nearly ready to split

💧 Final Step: Cytokinesis

  • The cytoplasm divides

  • Two identical daughter cells are formed


📌 Summary Table:

Phase What Happens?
G₁ Cell grows and works normally
S DNA is copied
G₂ Final preparations for division
Prophase Chromosomes appear, spindle forms
Metaphase Chromosomes line up in the middle
Anaphase Chromatids are pulled apart
Telophase New nuclei form, chromosomes relax
Cytokinesis Cell splits into two

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B

Bhabani Sankar replied | 1 day ago

Carbon valency - 4 

Catenation 

Kajal Rani replied | 14 hrs ago

The valency of carbon is 4 . The ability of carbon to form long chain is called catenation , this property allows  carbon to bond with each other through covalent bond , forming chain , rings structures and because of catenation carbon form vast number of compounds.

5

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Sadiq replied | 3 days ago

Diameter of the circular tabletop = 1.6 m Radius of the circular tabletop = 1.6 m / 2 = 0.8 m Area of circular tabletop = πr 2 = 3.14 × 0.8 m × 0.8 m = 2.0096 m2 Since, the cost of 1m2 polishing = ₹ 15 The cost of polishing 2.0096 m2 = ₹ 15 × 2.0096 = ₹ 30.144 Thus, the cost of polishing a circular tabletop is ₹ 30.144.

Rajesh Kumar N replied | 14 hrs ago

Radius = 1.6 ÷ 2 = 0.8 m

Area = πr² = 3.14 × 0.8² = 3.14 × 0.64 = 2.0096 m²

Cost = 2.0096 × ₹15 ≈ ₹30.14

Answer: ₹30

.14

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