Swastik Mozummder

Class 10th level:

A covalent bond means the mutual sharing of electrons to form a bond. Covalent is mainly formed due to the reason for completing an octet.

• Carbon has four valence electrons.
• Carbon won't generally gain or lose 4 electrons because of energy requirement.
• Carbon atoms are tetravalent and can form four bonds at once.
• Carbon atoms have catenation property, and as a result, they can long chain of compounds.
• Carbon also has a smaller size resulting in stronger bonds.

JEE Level:

• Covalent bonds are directional bonds.
• Covalent bonds are formed when there is a more negligible difference in electronegativity. Sometimes the molecule will form a covalent bond when the size difference between the two atoms is significant (polarization).
• According to valence bond theory, covalent bonds are of two types pi and sigma. These bonds form due to the overlapping of orbitals (where electron finding probability is more). Pi bonds form due to sideways overlapping and sigma due to head overlap.