0👉 Selenium 3/4 improved architecture, added W3C compliance, relative locators, Chrome DevTools integration. 3. What are different types of locators in Selenium? 👉 ID, Name, ClassName, TagName, LinkText, PartialLinkText, CSS Selector, XPath 4. Difference between findElement() and findElements(). 👉 findElement() → returns first matching element (throws exception if not found). 👉 findElements() → returns a list of matching elements (empty list if not found). 5. Difference between driver.close() and driver.quit(). 👉 close() → closes current browser window. 👉 quit() → closes all browser windows & ends session. 6. How do you handle dynamic web elements in Selenium? 👉 Use dynamic XPath, CSS with contains/starts-with, or by using unique attributes. 7. What is an XPath? Difference between Absolute and Relative XPath. 👉 XPath is used to locate elements in XML/HTML. Absolute XPath → starts from root (/html/body/...) Relative XPath → starts from anywhere (//div[@id='test']) 8. What are the different waits in Selenium? 👉 Implicit Wait – waits globally for elements. 👉 Explicit Wait – waits for a specific condition. 👉 Fluent Wait – waits with polling frequency & exception handling. 9. How to handle dropdowns in Selenium? 👉 Use Select class: Select s = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("dropdown"))); s.selectByVisibleText("Option1"); 10. How do you handle multiple windows in Selenium? 👉 Use getWindowHandles() and switch with driver.switchTo().window(handle). 🔹 Intermediate Selenium Q&A 11. How do you handle alerts and popups in Selenium? 👉 Use driver.switchTo().alert() → accept(), dismiss(), getText(), sendKeys(). 12. How to perform mouse hover, right-click, and drag-and-drop? 👉 Use Actions class: Actions a = new Actions(driver); a.moveToElement(element).perform(); // hover a.contextClick(element).perform(); // right-click a.dragAndDrop(src, dest).perform(); // drag-drop 13. How do you capture screenshots in Selenium? 👉 Use TakesScreenshot: File src = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE); 14. Difference between WebDriver and WebElement. 👉 WebDriver → Interface for browser automation. 👉 WebElement → Represents elements inside the page. 15. How to handle frames/iframes in Selenium? 👉 Use driver.switchTo().frame(index/name/WebElement) 👉 Switch back: driver.switchTo().defaultContent() 16. What is Page Object Model (POM)? Why is it used? 👉 POM is a design pattern where each page has a separate class. 👉 Improves readability, reusability, and maintainability of test scripts. 17. Difference between getText() and getAttribute(). 👉 getText() → Gets visible text. 👉 getAttribute("value") → Gets attribute/property value. 18. How do you handle synchronization issues? 👉 Use explicit waits with ExpectedConditions instead of Thread.sleep(). 🔹 Advanced Selenium Q&A 19. What is Selenium Grid? How do you run tests in parallel? 👉 Selenium Grid allows distributed test execution across different browsers, OS, and machines. 👉 Parallel tests can be executed using TestNG parallel execution with Grid. 20. How do you integrate Selenium with TestNG/Maven/Jenkins? 👉 TestNG → test framework (annotations, assertions, reports). 👉 Maven → project management & dependency tool. 👉 Jenkins → CI/CD tool to trigger Selenium scripts automatically.
