Learn Social Studies with Free Lessons & Tips

Environment is defined as the natural world in which plants, animals and human beings live. The word Environment is derived from French terms ‘virer (to turn) or ‘in/viron’ meaning to encircle; and denotes the interaction between natural surroundings and organisms including human beings. Thus, environment is the surroundings in which living and non-living things live, interact, grow and perish.

Components of Environment:

The four major components of environment are Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere and Biosphere, corresponding to  rocks, water, air and living things respectively.

• Lithosphere is the outermost layer of earth called crust, which is made of different minerals. Its depth can reach up to 100 Km and is found on both land (terrestrial crust) and oceans (oceanic crust).
• Hydrosphere comprises of all forms of water bodies on earth including oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, ponds, streams etc. It covers two-third of earth’s surface. Almost 97.5 % of water found on Earth are in oceans in the form of salty water. Only 2.5 % of water on Earth is freshwater.
• Atmosphere is gaseous layer around the Earth. The atmosphere with oxygen in abundance is unique to Earth and sustains life. It mainly comprises 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, and traces of hydrogen, helium, and noble gases. The amount of water vapour present is variable.
• Biosphere refers to all the regions on Earth where life exists. The ecosystems  supporting life could be in soil, air, water or land. The term Biosphere was coined by Geologist Edward Suess who used this term for place on Earth where life can be found. Biosphere refers to the sum total of all living thigs, the biomass or biota.

This year is an exceptional case as students cannot learn properly still due to technological advances, we somehow managed to learn a lot through online classes, e-books, etc.
You are closer to the time when you will be facing board exams. So, I would like you to get organised and create a revision schedule which can help you study smarter and learn what you don't know, dont revise one thing a lot of times and skip others.
Practice past year papers and get familiar with the question paper layout. Get through your like mock test given online or offline and check where you lost marks.
Do group studies often, explain others, it will help you know yourself.
Last but not least, take care of yourself. Proper food, rest, exercise is also essential. Don't stress too much, talk to your fellow mates, family and friends sometimes.
Good luck!

Borrowed Sources of Indian Constitution

1. Government of India Act 1935: Federal Scheme, Office of Governor, Judiciary, and UPSC.
2. United Kingdom: Parliamentary government, Rule of Law, Legislative Procedure, Single Citizenship, and Cabinet System.
3. S.A.: Fundamental Rights, Independence of Judiciary, Judicial Review, Impeachment of President, Removal of Supreme Court and High Court judges and post of Vice President.
4. Irish: Directive Principles of State Policy, Nomination to the members of Rajya Sabha, and method of election to the President.
5. Canada: Appointment of Governors, Residuary Powers in the centre, and Federation with a Strong Centre.
6. Germany: Suspension of the Fundamental Rights during Emergency.
7. USSR (Russia): Fundamental Duties and the Ideal of Justice in the Preamble.
8. France: Republic, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in the preamble.
9. Australia: Concurrent List, Joint Sitting of Parliament.
10. South Africa: Procedure for the amendment of the Constitution and Election of the Members to Rajya Sabha.

It is because river valleys are the most fertile region. Water is necessary for human life. Water is also essential for agriculture and livestock. Rivers also facilitated trade, production, and distribution of goods. The river attracted people before the onset of agriculture because it can support a more significant number of people in a hunter/ gatherer culture than anywhere else.

Percentage 

X% of 600=450, what is x value?

We have to find out x 

450 holds some % in 600 we have to find %.

X/100×600=450

X/10×60=450. (After simplifying this we will get)

450÷6=75

X=75

We will check this with another method whether our answer correct or wrong 

600 is 100% 

300 is 50% of 600

150 is 25% of 600

If we add {50+25}% we will get 450 as 75% of 600.

Hence proved.