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Q12:
Find out the name of the microbes from which Cyclosporin (A) (an immunosuppressive drug) and Statins (blood cholesterol lowering agents) are obtained.
Solution :
1. Identification of Microbial Source for Cyclosporin A
Cyclosporin A is a cyclic polypeptide consisting of 11 amino acids, characterized by its potent immunosuppressive properties [Ref: Clinical Immunology/Pharmacology]. It is primarily utilized in organ transplantation procedures to inhibit the activation of T-cells and prevent organ rejection by the host immune system.
- Microbial Organism: The fungus Trichoderma polysporum [Taxonomy: Ascomycota].
- Mechanism of Production: The secondary metabolite is synthesized via non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) within the fungal mycelia during the fermentation process [Ref: Biochemistry of Fungal Metabolites].
2. Identification of Microbial Source for Statins
Statins are a class of lipid-lowering agents that function by competitively inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase). This enzyme serves as the rate-limiting step in the mevalonate pathway, which is responsible for the endogenous synthesis of cholesterol in the human liver [Ref: Metabolic Pathway Regulation].
- Microbial Organism: The yeast Monascus purpureus.
- Mechanism of Action: By acting as a competitive inhibitor, the drug reduces the concentration of mevalonate, thereby downregulating the synthesis of cholesterol and effectively lowering serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels in patients suffering from hypercholesterolemia.
3. Comparative Data Summary
| Bioproduct | Microbial Source | Primary Application |
|---|---|---|
| Cyclosporin A | Trichoderma polysporum (Fungus) | Immunosuppressive agent (Organ transplant) |
| Statins | Monascus purpureus (Yeast) | Cholesterol-lowering agent (Cardiovascular health) |
Final Solution: Cyclosporin A is produced by the fungus Trichoderma polysporum, and Statins are produced by the yeast Monascus purpureus.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Microbes in Human Welfare EXERCISES
- Q1: Bacteria cannot be seen with the naked eyes, but these can be seen with the help of a microscope. If you have to carry a sample from your home to your biology laboratory to demonstrate the presence of microbes with the help of a microscope, which sample would you carry and why?
- Q1: Bacteria cannot be seen with the naked eyes, but these can be seen with the help of a microscope. If you have to carry a sample from your home to your biology laboratory to demonstrate the presence of microbes with the help of a microscope, which sample would you carry and why?
- Q2: Give examples to prove that microbes release gases during metabolism.
- Q2: Give examples to prove that microbes release gases during metabolism.
- Q3: In which food would you find lactic acid bacteria? Mention some of their useful applications.
- Q3: In which food would you find lactic acid bacteria? Mention some of their useful applications.
- Q4: Name some traditional Indian foods made of wheat, rice and Bengal gram (or their products) which involve use of microbes.
- Q4: Name some traditional Indian foods made of wheat, rice and Bengal gram (or their products) which involve use of microbes.
- Q5: In which way have microbes played a major role in controlling diseases caused by harmful bacteria?
- Q5: In which way have microbes played a major role in controlling diseases caused by harmful bacteria?
- Q6: Name any two species of fungus, which are used in the production of the antibiotics.
- Q6: Name any two species of fungus, which are used in the production of the antibiotics.
- Q7: What is sewage? In which way can sewage be harmful to us?
- Q7: What is sewage? In which way can sewage be harmful to us?
- Q8: What is the key difference between primary and secondary sewage treatment?
- Q8: What is the key difference between primary and secondary sewage treatment?
- Q9: Do you think microbes can also be used as source of energy? If yes, how?
- Q9: Do you think microbes can also be used as source of energy? If yes, how?
- Q10: Microbes can be used to decrease the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides. Explain how this can be accomplished.
- Q10: Microbes can be used to decrease the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides. Explain how this can be accomplished.
- Q11: Three water samples namely river water, untreated sewage water and secondary effluent discharged from a sewage treatment plant were subjected to BOD test. The samples were labelled \(A\), \(B\) and \(C\); but the laboratory attendant did not note which was which. The BOD values of the three samples \(A\), \(B\) and \(C\) were recorded as 20mg/L, 8mg/L and 400mg/L, respectively. Which sample of the water is most polluted? Can you assign the correct label to each assuming the river water is relatively clean?
- Q11: Three water samples namely river water, untreated sewage water and secondary effluent discharged from a sewage treatment plant were subjected to BOD test. The samples were labelled (A), (B) and (C); but the laboratory attendant did not note which was which. The BOD values of the three samples (A), (B) and (C) were recorded as (20mg/L), (8mg/L) and (400mg/L), respectively. Which sample of the water is most polluted? Can you assign the correct label to each assuming the river water is relatively clean?
- Q12: Find out the name of the microbes from which Cyclosporin \(A\) (an immunosuppressive drug) and Statins (blood cholesterol lowering agents) are obtained.
- Q13(a): Find out the role of microbes in the following and discuss it with your teacher. (a) Single cell protein (SCP)
- Q13(a): Find out the role of microbes in the following and discuss it with your teacher. (a) Single cell protein (SCP)
- Q13(b): Find out the role of microbes in the following and discuss it with your teacher. (b) Soil
- Q13(b): Find out the role of microbes in the following and discuss it with your teacher. (b) Soil
- Q14: Arrange the following in the decreasing order (most important first) of their importance, for the welfare of human society. Give reasons for your answer. Biogas, Citric acid, Penicillin and Curd
- Q14: Arrange the following in the decreasing order (most important first) of their importance, for the welfare of human society. Give reasons for your answer. Biogas, Citric acid, Penicillin and Curd
- Q15: How do biofertilisers enrich the fertility of the soil?
- Q15: How do biofertilisers enrich the fertility of the soil?
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Microbes in Human Welfare
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
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