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Q12:
Find out the name of the microbes from which Cyclosporin \(A\) (an immunosuppressive drug) and Statins (blood cholesterol lowering agents) are obtained.
Solution :
Part 1: Cyclosporin A (Immunosuppressive Drug)
Cyclosporin A is a cyclic polypeptide used extensively in organ transplantation to prevent graft rejection by inhibiting the activation of T-cells [Per the principles of clinical immunology].
- Organism: The fungus Trichoderma polysporum.
- Biological Classification: Kingdom: Fungi; Phylum: Ascomycota.
- Function: It functions as an immunosuppressant by inhibiting the enzyme calcineurin, thereby preventing the transcription of IL-2 and other cytokines required for T-cell proliferation.
Part 2: Statins (Blood Cholesterol-Lowering Agents)
Statins are competitive inhibitors of the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver [Per the biochemical pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis].
- Organism: The yeast Monascus purpureus.
- Historical/Industrial Context: This organism is also traditionally used in the production of "Red Yeast Rice" in Asian culinary practices.
- Mechanism: By inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, statins reduce the endogenous production of cholesterol, leading to a decrease in serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels.
Visual Representation of Microbial Synthesis
Summary Table of Microbial Sources
| Bioactive Molecule | Microbial Source | Primary Therapeutic Application |
|---|---|---|
| Cyclosporin A | Trichoderma polysporum (Fungus) | Organ transplant rejection prevention |
| Statins | Monascus purpureus (Yeast) | Reduction of serum cholesterol |
Final Solution: Cyclosporin A is derived from the fungus Trichoderma polysporum, and Statins are derived from the yeast Monascus purpureus.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Microbes in Human Welfare EXERCISES
- Q1: Bacteria cannot be seen with the naked eyes, but these can be seen with the help of a microscope. If you have to carry a sample from your home to your biology laboratory to demonstrate the presence of microbes with the help of a microscope, which sample would you carry and why?
- Q1: Bacteria cannot be seen with the naked eyes, but these can be seen with the help of a microscope. If you have to carry a sample from your home to your biology laboratory to demonstrate the presence of microbes with the help of a microscope, which sample would you carry and why?
- Q2: Give examples to prove that microbes release gases during metabolism.
- Q2: Give examples to prove that microbes release gases during metabolism.
- Q3: In which food would you find lactic acid bacteria? Mention some of their useful applications.
- Q3: In which food would you find lactic acid bacteria? Mention some of their useful applications.
- Q4: Name some traditional Indian foods made of wheat, rice and Bengal gram (or their products) which involve use of microbes.
- Q4: Name some traditional Indian foods made of wheat, rice and Bengal gram (or their products) which involve use of microbes.
- Q5: In which way have microbes played a major role in controlling diseases caused by harmful bacteria?
- Q5: In which way have microbes played a major role in controlling diseases caused by harmful bacteria?
- Q6: Name any two species of fungus, which are used in the production of the antibiotics.
- Q6: Name any two species of fungus, which are used in the production of the antibiotics.
- Q7: What is sewage? In which way can sewage be harmful to us?
- Q7: What is sewage? In which way can sewage be harmful to us?
- Q8: What is the key difference between primary and secondary sewage treatment?
- Q8: What is the key difference between primary and secondary sewage treatment?
- Q9: Do you think microbes can also be used as source of energy? If yes, how?
- Q9: Do you think microbes can also be used as source of energy? If yes, how?
- Q10: Microbes can be used to decrease the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides. Explain how this can be accomplished.
- Q10: Microbes can be used to decrease the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides. Explain how this can be accomplished.
- Q11: Three water samples namely river water, untreated sewage water and secondary effluent discharged from a sewage treatment plant were subjected to BOD test. The samples were labelled \(A\), \(B\) and \(C\); but the laboratory attendant did not note which was which. The BOD values of the three samples \(A\), \(B\) and \(C\) were recorded as 20mg/L, 8mg/L and 400mg/L, respectively. Which sample of the water is most polluted? Can you assign the correct label to each assuming the river water is relatively clean?
- Q11: Three water samples namely river water, untreated sewage water and secondary effluent discharged from a sewage treatment plant were subjected to BOD test. The samples were labelled (A), (B) and (C); but the laboratory attendant did not note which was which. The BOD values of the three samples (A), (B) and (C) were recorded as (20mg/L), (8mg/L) and (400mg/L), respectively. Which sample of the water is most polluted? Can you assign the correct label to each assuming the river water is relatively clean?
- Q12: Find out the name of the microbes from which Cyclosporin (A) (an immunosuppressive drug) and Statins (blood cholesterol lowering agents) are obtained.
- Q13(a): Find out the role of microbes in the following and discuss it with your teacher. (a) Single cell protein (SCP)
- Q13(a): Find out the role of microbes in the following and discuss it with your teacher. (a) Single cell protein (SCP)
- Q13(b): Find out the role of microbes in the following and discuss it with your teacher. (b) Soil
- Q13(b): Find out the role of microbes in the following and discuss it with your teacher. (b) Soil
- Q14: Arrange the following in the decreasing order (most important first) of their importance, for the welfare of human society. Give reasons for your answer. Biogas, Citric acid, Penicillin and Curd
- Q14: Arrange the following in the decreasing order (most important first) of their importance, for the welfare of human society. Give reasons for your answer. Biogas, Citric acid, Penicillin and Curd
- Q15: How do biofertilisers enrich the fertility of the soil?
- Q15: How do biofertilisers enrich the fertility of the soil?
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Microbes in Human Welfare
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
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