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Q5.6(d):
Choose the correct alternative: In an inelastic collision of two bodies, the quantities which do not change after the collision are the total kinetic energy/total linear momentum/total energy of the system of two bodies.

Solution :

Theoretical Foundation of Collisions

To analyze the conservation laws in an inelastic collision, we must distinguish between internal and external forces acting on the system of two bodies.

A collision is defined as inelastic when the internal forces during the interaction result in a permanent deformation or dissipation of kinetic energy into heat, sound, or potential energy, despite the conservation of the system's total linear momentum [Per the Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum].

Step 1: Evaluation of Total Linear Momentum

According to the Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum, if the net external force on a system is zero, the total linear momentum of the system remains constant before, during, and after the collision.

Mathematically, for two bodies with masses $m_1$ and $m_2$ and velocities $u_1, u_2$ (before) and $v_1, v_2$ (after):

$\sum \vec{P}_{initial} = m_1\vec{u}_1 + m_2\vec{u}_2$

$\sum \vec{P}_{final} = m_1\vec{v}_1 + m_2\vec{v}_2$

Since internal collision forces are equal and opposite [Per Newton’s Third Law of Motion], the impulse imparted to one body is canceled by the impulse imparted to the other. Thus, total linear momentum is always conserved in both elastic and inelastic collisions.

Step 2: Evaluation of Total Kinetic Energy

In an inelastic collision, some amount of the total kinetic energy is transformed into other forms of energy (such as internal energy, thermal energy, or sound). Therefore:

$K.E._{initial} \neq K.E._{final}$

Specifically, $K.E._{initial} > K.E._{final}$. Thus, total kinetic energy is not conserved.

Step 3: Evaluation of Total Energy

According to the Law of Conservation of Energy (First Law of Thermodynamics), energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed. While kinetic energy is lost, it is accounted for by other energy forms within the system. Therefore, the total energy of the system remains constant.

Comparative Analysis Table

Quantity Status in Inelastic Collision Theoretical Justification
Total Kinetic Energy Changes (Decreases) Conversion into thermal/deformational energy
Total Linear Momentum Does not change Absence of external force (Newton's Laws)
Total Energy Does not change Universal Law of Conservation of Energy

SVG Representation of Momentum Vector Conservation

m1u1 m2u2 = (m1v1 + m2v2) Conservation of Total Linear Momentum

Final Solution: The quantities that do not change after the collision are the total linear momentum and the total energy of the system.


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