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Q6.3:

Given in Fig. 6.11 are examples of some potential energy functions in one dimension. The total energy of the particle is indicated by a cross on the ordinate axis. In each case, specify the regions, if any, in which the particle cannot be found for the given energy. Also, indicate the minimum total energy the particle must have in each case. Think of simple physical contexts for which these potential energy shapes are relevant.

Given in fig. 6.11 are examples of some potential energy functions in one  dimension. the total energy of the particle is indicated by a cross on the ordinate  axis. in each casecomma

                                     

Solution :

Theoretical Foundation: Energy Constraints in Potential Wells

The motion of a particle in one dimension is governed by the principle of Conservation of Mechanical Energy: $E = K + U(x)$, where $E$ is the constant total energy, $K$ is the kinetic energy, and $U(x)$ is the potential energy function. Since kinetic energy $K = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$ must always be non-negative ($K \geq 0$), it follows that $E - U(x) \geq 0$, or $E \geq U(x)$ [Per the Principle of Conservation of Energy].

Regions where $E < U(x)$ are "classically forbidden" regions because they would require $K < 0$, which is physically impossible for a particle of real mass. The minimum energy $E_{min}$ the particle must have corresponds to the local minimum value of $U(x)$.

Analysis of Potential Energy Curves

Case Forbidden Region ($E < U(x)$) Minimum Energy ($E_{min}$) Physical Context
(a) $x > a$ $E_{min} = 0$ Repulsive wall (e.g., a hard elastic sphere hitting a wall).
(b) $x < x_1$ and $x > x_2$ $E_{min} = -V_0$ Simple Harmonic Oscillator (e.g., mass on a spring).
(c) $x < 0$ and $x > a$ $E_{min} = 0$ Particle in a box (e.g., gas molecule in a rigid container).
(d) $x_1 < x < x_2$ (if $E < V_1$) $E_{min} = -V_1$ Double well potential (e.g., inversion of ammonia molecule).

Visual Representation of a Potential Well

x U(x) E Forbidden if U(x) > E

Granular Deductions

  • Case (a): The potential rises monotonically. The particle is reflected at $x=a$. It cannot enter $x > a$ as $U(x) \to \infty$.
  • Case (b): This is a symmetric parabolic well. The particle is trapped between two turning points $x_1$ and $x_2$ where $E = U(x)$. Outside these points, $U(x) > E$, rendering them forbidden.
  • Case (c): A "square well" potential. The particle is strictly confined to $0 \leq x \leq a$. Outside this range, the potential is infinite, creating an impassable barrier.
  • Case (d): The "double well" potential. If $E < V_1$, the particle is trapped in either the left well or the right well, as the central barrier $V_1$ acts as a forbidden transition region [Per Classical Mechanics].

Final Solution: The particle cannot exist in any region where the potential energy $U(x)$ exceeds its total energy $E$. The minimum energy $E_{min}$ is equal to the global minimum of the potential energy function in each case.


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