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Q2.6(b):
A player throws a ball upwards with an initial speed of 29.4 m s(^{-1}). (b) What are the velocity and acceleration of the ball at the highest point of its motion ?

Solution :

Given Variables & Initial Setup

The motion of the ball is governed by the equations of motion under constant gravitational acceleration, assuming air resistance is negligible. The following variables are identified:

  • Initial velocity ($u$): $29.4\text{ m s}^{-1}$ (upwards)
  • Acceleration due to gravity ($g$): $-9.8\text{ m s}^{-2}$ (downwards)
  • Final velocity ($v$): Unknown at the highest point
  • Acceleration ($a$): Unknown at the highest point

Step 1: Determining Velocity at the Highest Point

At the highest point of a projectile's trajectory, the vertical component of the velocity reaches a momentary state of rest before reversing direction [Per Kinematic Principles].

Mathematically, we use the first equation of motion:

$v = u + at$

At the peak, the displacement is maximum, and $v$ must be zero. If $v$ were not zero, the ball would continue to rise or have already begun to descend. Thus, at the highest point:

$v = 0\text{ m s}^{-1}$

Step 2: Determining Acceleration at the Highest Point

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity ($a = \frac{dv}{dt}$). Even though the velocity of the ball is zero at the highest point, the gravitational force acting on the object remains constant throughout its flight [Per Newton’s Second Law of Motion].

The acceleration of an object in free fall is independent of its velocity. Therefore, at any point in the trajectory, including the highest point:

$a = g = -9.8\text{ m s}^{-2}$

The negative sign indicates that the acceleration is directed vertically downwards towards the center of the Earth.

Visual Representation of Kinematic State

v = 0 m/s a = 9.8 m/s² (Downwards)

Summary of Analytical Results

Physical Quantity Value at Highest Point
Velocity ($v$) $0\text{ m s}^{-1}$
Acceleration ($a$) $9.8\text{ m s}^{-2}$ (downwards)

Final Solution: At the highest point of its motion, the velocity of the ball is $0\text{ m s}^{-1}$ and its acceleration is $9.8\text{ m s}^{-2}$ directed vertically downwards.


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