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Q10(c):
What would be expected to happen if: (c) a rotten fruit gets mixed with unripe fruits

Solution :

Biological Basis of Fruit Ripening and Senescence

The phenomenon observed when a rotten fruit is mixed with unripe fruits is governed by the hormonal action of Ethylene ($C_2H_4$), a gaseous plant hormone known as the "ripening hormone."

Step 1: Mechanism of Ethylene Action

Rotten or over-ripe fruits undergo significant cellular breakdown, which triggers a spike in ethylene production through a positive feedback loop known as autocatalytic ethylene biosynthesis [Per the Yang Cycle]. As the fruit reaches the climacteric stage, it releases gaseous ethylene into the surrounding environment.

Step 2: Inter-fruit Communication and Signaling

Because ethylene is a volatile gas, it diffuses from the source (the rotten fruit) through the intercellular spaces and the external atmosphere, reaching the unripe fruits. The unripe fruits perceive this gas through ethylene receptors located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane [Reference: EIN2/CTR1 signaling pathway].

Step 3: Physiological Changes in Unripe Fruits

Upon perception of the exogenous ethylene, the unripe fruits initiate a cascade of ripening processes:

  • Cell Wall Degradation: Enzymes such as polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase are upregulated, leading to the breakdown of pectin in the middle lamella, resulting in fruit softening.
  • Chlorophyll Degradation: The green pigment (chlorophyll) is broken down, and the synthesis of carotenoids or anthocyanins is initiated, changing the skin color.
  • Conversion of Starch to Sugars: Amylase activity increases, converting stored starch into glucose, fructose, and sucrose, which increases the sweetness of the fruit.
  • Aroma Production: Volatile organic compounds are synthesized to attract dispersal agents.
Rotten Fruit Ethylene Gas (C₂H₄) Unripe Fruits

Step 4: Conclusion of the Process

The mixing of a rotten fruit with unripe ones serves as a catalyst for a premature shift in the developmental trajectory of the unripe fruits. This causes the unripe fruits to reach the ripening stage significantly faster than they would in isolation [Per the Climatric Fruit Ripening Theory].

Final Solution: The rotten fruit releases gaseous ethylene, which acts as a phytohormone that diffuses into the unripe fruits, stimulating enzymatic processes that accelerate ripening, softening, and senescence across the entire batch.


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