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Q10(c):
What would be expected to happen if:
(c) a rotten fruit gets mixed with unripe fruits
Solution :
Biological Basis of Fruit Ripening and Senescence
The phenomenon observed when a rotten fruit is mixed with unripe fruits is governed by the hormonal action of Ethylene ($C_2H_4$), a gaseous plant hormone known as the "ripening hormone."
Step 1: Mechanism of Ethylene Action
Rotten or over-ripe fruits undergo significant cellular breakdown, which triggers a spike in ethylene production through a positive feedback loop known as autocatalytic ethylene biosynthesis [Per the Yang Cycle]. As the fruit reaches the climacteric stage, it releases gaseous ethylene into the surrounding environment.
Step 2: Inter-fruit Communication and Signaling
Because ethylene is a volatile gas, it diffuses from the source (the rotten fruit) through the intercellular spaces and the external atmosphere, reaching the unripe fruits. The unripe fruits perceive this gas through ethylene receptors located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane [Reference: EIN2/CTR1 signaling pathway].
Step 3: Physiological Changes in Unripe Fruits
Upon perception of the exogenous ethylene, the unripe fruits initiate a cascade of ripening processes:
- Cell Wall Degradation: Enzymes such as polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase are upregulated, leading to the breakdown of pectin in the middle lamella, resulting in fruit softening.
- Chlorophyll Degradation: The green pigment (chlorophyll) is broken down, and the synthesis of carotenoids or anthocyanins is initiated, changing the skin color.
- Conversion of Starch to Sugars: Amylase activity increases, converting stored starch into glucose, fructose, and sucrose, which increases the sweetness of the fruit.
- Aroma Production: Volatile organic compounds are synthesized to attract dispersal agents.
Step 4: Conclusion of the Process
The mixing of a rotten fruit with unripe ones serves as a catalyst for a premature shift in the developmental trajectory of the unripe fruits. This causes the unripe fruits to reach the ripening stage significantly faster than they would in isolation [Per the Climatric Fruit Ripening Theory].
Final Solution: The rotten fruit releases gaseous ethylene, which acts as a phytohormone that diffuses into the unripe fruits, stimulating enzymatic processes that accelerate ripening, softening, and senescence across the entire batch.
More Questions from Class 11 Biology Plant Growth and Development EXERCISES
- Q1: Define growth, differentiation, development, dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, determinate growth, meristem and growth rate.
- Q2: Why is not any one parameter good enough to demonstrate growth throughout the life of a flowering plant?
- Q3(a): Describe briefly: (a) Arithmetic growth
- Q3(b): Describe briefly: (b) Geometric growth
- Q3(c): Describe briefly: (c) Sigmoid growth curve
- Q3(d): Describe briefly: (d) Absolute and relative growth rates
- Q4: List five main groups of natural plant growth regulators. Write a note on discovery, physiological functions and agricultural/horticultural applications of any one of them.
- Q5: Why is abscisic acid also known as stress hormone?
- Q6: ‘Both growth and differentiation in higher plants are open’. Comment.
- Q7: ‘Both a short day plant and a long day plant can produce can flower simultaneously in a given place’. Explain.
- Q8(a): Which one of the plant growth regulators would you use if you are asked to: (a) induce rooting in a twig
- Q8(b): Which one of the plant growth regulators would you use if you are asked to: (b) quickly ripen a fruit
- Q8(c): Which one of the plant growth regulators would you use if you are asked to: (c) delay leaf senescence
- Q8(d): Which one of the plant growth regulators would you use if you are asked to: (d) induce growth in axillary buds
- Q8(e): Which one of the plant growth regulators would you use if you are asked to: (e) ‘bolt’ a rosette plant
- Q8(f): Which one of the plant growth regulators would you use if you are asked to: (f) induce immediate stomatal closure in leaves.
- Q9: Would a defoliated plant respond to photoperiodic cycle? Why?
- Q10(a): What would be expected to happen if: (a) $GA_3$ is applied to rice seedlings
- Q10(b): What would be expected to happen if: (b) dividing cells stop differentiating
- Q10(d): What would be expected to happen if: (d) you forget to add cytokinin to the culture medium.
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Plant Growth and Development
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Biology
- The Living World
- Biological Classification
- Plant Kingdom
- Animal Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Cell Cycle and Division
- Transport in Plants
- Mineral Nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration in Plants
- Digestion and Absorption
- Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Excretory Products and Elimination
- Locomotion and Movement
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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