0Straight to the point.
1. Atomic charge ⚡:
Electrons are negative. Like charges repel, unlike charges attract. Metals(Conductors) allow electron move freely, while insulators hold them tight(doesn't allow them to flow)... Basic physics!
Silicon is special. Its semiconductor. By contaminating Silicon with tiny amounts of other elements(doping), we can control whether it allows electrons or block them...
That way we hacked physics!
2. Transistor 🔀:
Transistor is designed with semiconductors which has 3 terminals: Source, drain and gate.
When gate is applied tiny voltage, temporary bridge is formed between source and drain for electricity to flow.
When the Voltage is removed, bridge vanishes, flow stops!
3. Logic Gates 🧩:
When 2 or 3 transistors wired together in specific patterns, we force electricity to obey logic rules.
This is used to form NAND gates(Research about NAND if you don't know. Already its going long!) which is universal gate with which all basic operations like addition, subtraction to advanced AI stuffs like memory, decision making can be done...
4. Crystal Clock(Heartbeat) 💓:
A quartz crystal shrinks and expands 10 million times per second!!! when electricity touches it(Piezoelectric effect).
Every single vibration creates a voltage pulse. Which is CPU's heartbeat or CPU clock.
So,
Basic charge --> Transistors --> Logic gates -> Crystal Clock
Now imagine billions of such transistors(15 to 20 billion transistors in your pocket!) with size of 2 to 3 nanometers(~size of DNA) switching on and off in perfect rhythm with that crystal clock.
All the messy analog waves like light, sound, touch are sensed by sensors --> Converted to digital numbers(binary 0s and 1s).
Those billions of transistors driven by quartz crystal clock process those numbers and does all the wonders we call as mobile phone!!!
That's the science behind the device in your pocket.
