Clinical Refraction – From Basics to Advanced Practice

This course is designed for optometry students, fresh optometrists and optical professionals who want to strengthen their clinical refraction skills. The program combines fundamental concepts with practical, clinically relevant techniques to help participants understand how and why each step of refraction is performed. Topics include objective refraction, retinoscopy, subjective refraction, fogging and de-fogging, Jackson Cross Cylinder (JCC), astigmatism refinement, binocular balancing, near vision assessment, near addition and presbyopia. Participants will also learn how to identify common errors during refraction and improve the accuracy of the final prescription. Practical examples and case discussions will be used to connect theoretical knowledge with real-world clinical situations. By the end of the course, participants should have a better understanding of the refraction process and greater confidence in conducting a systematic eye examination and arriving at an appropriate refractive prescription. The course also focuses on practical techniques, common errors and case-based learning to improve confidence and accuracy in real clinical situations.