🔰 Class Objectives: To understand the archaeological sources and material culture of the Harappan Civilization. To explore methods of historical reconstruction using archaeological evidence. To develop skills of source interpretation, comparative analysis, and critical thinking. 📚 Approach to Teaching This Chapter 📍 1. Introduction (10–15 mins) Start with an engaging visual (e.g., map of Harappan sites, image of Great Bath or seals). Ask: “What do bricks, beads, and bones tell us about a civilization that had no deciphered script?” Brief recap of what students already know from Class 6–10 (cities like Mohenjodaro, drainage systems, seals). Set the agenda: "We will explore how historians reconstruct the past when texts are absent or limited." 🧱 2. Key Themes to Cover (Divided over 2–3 classes) A. The Story of Discovery Discuss excavations from 1920s to post-independence. Map activity: Identify Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Lothal, Kalibangan, Dholavira. Explain archaeological process (stratigraphy, typology). B. Subsistence Strategies Agriculture: wheat, barley, pulses – evidence from remains. Domestication of animals – cattle, buffalo, etc. Trade: internal and external (Mesopotamia). Use maps, trade route diagrams, and pottery pictures. C. Craft Production Use of beads, shell, terracotta, and semi-precious stones. Talk about raw material procurement and specialization. D. Urban Features Citadel and Lower Town. Drainage system, street planning, granaries, the Great Bath. Discuss what urban planning reflects about society. E. Social & Political Life Absence of palaces/temples – what can we infer? Seals and script – limitations of interpretation. Possible centralized control (weights, standard bricks). F. Decline and Theories Environmental changes, river shifts, overuse of resources, migration. Multiple theories and why conclusive evidence is lacking. 🧠 3. Teaching Methodology Inquiry-based Learning: Use open-ended questions like "Can cities exist without kings?" or "Why do archaeologists disagree?" Comparative Analysis: Link Harappan cities to Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations briefly. Visual Aids: Maps, seal images, artifact sketches. Activity: Roleplay between archaeologists debating different interpretations. 📝 4. Practice & Assessment Class MCQs (CUET style) based on passages and maps. Source-based questions (UPSC Mains-style): “What does the Great Bath tell us about Harappan society?” Short Answer/Long Answer: Themes like trade, urban planning, or archaeological methods. Encourage students to make summary charts: e.g., town planning, crafts, agriculture, decline theories. 📦 5. Recap & Revision Tools Mind maps and one-page revision sheets on: Important sites and features. Artefacts and their significance. Timeline of Harappan phases. ✅ Expected Learning Outcomes By the end of the class/module, students should: Understand how non-textual evidence helps reconstruct the past. Explain the key features of Harappan urbanism and economy. Critically engage with multiple theories of decline. Tackle both objective questions (CUET) and analytical questions (UPSC) confidently