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Lesson Posted on 02/04/2020 Learn CCNA Routing & Switching
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
Bharti
I have worked in various computer institutes as a networking Trainer. Teaching is my passion and I try...
OSPF
—Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) – They act as a gateway between two AS. The router which connects one AS to another or other routing protocol AS is called ASBR. Route redistribution is done on this router.
—Area Border Routers (ABRs) – These routers connect area 0 to the other area. It has at least one interface connected to area 0 and one or more interfaces to other areas. They propagate routes.
DR/BDR- Designated Routers/Backup Designated Router
DR/BDR elections are based on RID- Router ID
RID can be created
—OSPF network types:
Answered on 01/02/2020 Learn CCNA Certification
Ravichand Ka
Cyber Security Professional with 10years experience
Lesson Posted on 31/10/2019 Learn CCNA Routing & Switching
Tulsidas Chouhan
I have 10 years experience in Training. Technical Trainer for Networking. CCIE (R&S) Written Certified...
EIGRP-Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
*It is Open Standard protocol since March 2013.
*It works on network layer
*Denoted by - "D" and "D EX"
*It is a Hybrid Routing Protocol having the properties of Distance vector and Link State Routing Protocols.
*It uses Multicast address 224.0.0.10 to send its update.Eigrp only sends trigger updates and updates only contains the change. Eigrp uses protocol no 88.
*It uses DUAL-Diffusing Update Algorithm to find best path among all
available paths.Dual also helps in finding loop free path and backup path.
*Eigrp uses the concept of Autonomous System and will form neighbor
relations with the routers in same AS and should be directly connected.
AS-Group of routers managed by single administrative domain.1-65535
*Eigrp uses RTP-Reliable Transport Protocol to ensure delivery of most Eigrp packets.
*Eigrp is classless protocol but if left on default conditions it behave as classfull.So to change the behaviour to classless use "no auto-summary" command under Eigrp configuration.So EIGRP supports VLSM.
*Eigrp supports routing for IP,IPX and AT(Apple Talk).
*Eigrp applies AD(Administrative Distance) of 90 to routes originated within an AS.And AD value of 170 to routes coming from different AS or different domain.
*Eigrp by default Hop Count is 100 but we can extend upto 255.
*Eigrp Supports MD5 authentication to authenticate the neighbor.
*TIMERS
On fast links
Eigrp Hello=5 sec
Eigrp Hold=15 sec
On slow Links like Frame-Relay-
Eigrp Hello=60 seconds
Eigrp Hold=180 seconds
*EIGRP Packets
Hello -
Update -
Query -
Reply -
Ack -
*Eigrp maintains three tables-
a-Neighbor Table-Information about all neighbours are stored in this table.
b-Topology Table-Information about Successor and Feasible Successor is present in this table. This table also gives us the information about route states, FD, AD/RD etc.
c-Routing Table- Best route(Successor route) is installed in the Routing Table.
*Very fast conversion -
1. best path (routing table)
2. second best path (topology table)
*It calculates its Metric on Bandwidth(K1) and Delay of the line(K3)
By default. Other parameters can also be used in the calculation. Following are the parameters-
a- K1=Bandwidth =1
b- K2=Load =0
c- K3=Delay =1
d- K4=Reliability =0
e- K5=MTU-Maximum Transmission Unit =0
Eigrp Metric is called Composite Metric.
*Eigrp terms-
a-Successor-The best path to reach the destination and is installed in RT.
b-Feasible Successor-It is the backup path and will only be installed
in RT when the Successor route goes down.
c-Feasible Distance-FD-Its the total Metric to reach the destination.
d-Advertised Distance/Reported Distance-It is the Metric advertised or
reported by the neighbour router to local router to reach the destination
*EIGRP neighborship condition
ASn, k-value, and authentication must be the same
* the Eigrp Route States-
a-Passive-If routes are in a passive state; this indicates that Eigrp is
fully converged and all available paths are valid and in working condition.
b-Active- If routes are inactive state, this indicates eigrp is querying other routers for an alternate path. This is not a good
indication of Eigrp synchronization. A way goes into active
state only if there is no Feasible Successor present.If a
FS is present and Successor goes down router will never send
queries to other routers as FS will be installed in RT as
Successor. So, a route goes into active state if Successor goes down and
there is no Feasible Successor present for backup.
c-SIA-Stuck In Active-A route is placed in SIA state if reply for query
is not received within 3 minutes.Then router will clear
neighborship with that router which has failed to reply.
Neighborship will be created again after clearing.
*Eigrp Stub-This feature is used to limit the query packets.
When a Successor route goes down and no FS is present router
sends query packets to all its neighbor asking for alternate
path for that destination.If any router is configured as Stub
no query messages will be sent to that router.
*Eigrp Passive Interface- Passive interface is used to filter control
plane traffic.If any interface is configured as passive in Eigrp
that interface cannot send or receive updates. So passive-interface should be used carefully and only where we need not send Eigrp packets.
Note-If interface is configured as passive under any protocol configure-
tion, that interface will behave as passive only for that protocol.
*Show commands for EIGRP.
R1#show ip eigrp neighbors --to check eigrp neighbor table
R1#show ip eigrp topology --to check eigrp topology table
R1#show ip eigrp topology all --to check all route information in Topology
R1#show ip routes eigrp --to check eigrp routes in routing table
R1#show ip eigrp interfaces detail s0/0 --to check hello timer
DEBUG COMMANDS FOR EIGRP
R1#debug eigrp packets
This command will start debugging for all eigrp packages.To debug a
Particular packets select option for that specific packet.
e.g
to debug only hello, issue the following command
R1#debug eigrp packet hello
R1#debug ip packet detail --to check whether eigrp is multicasting or unicasting
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Answered on 05/12/2018 Learn Cloud Computing
Anil
Answered on 05/12/2018 Learn Cloud Computing
Anil
Answered on 05/12/2018 Learn Cloud Computing
Swapnil Kambli
Microsoft Azure Trainer
Hi Yoga,
Thanks for showing interest in Azure. Azure skillset is a rapidly growing technology workforce in the market and is always in need of professionals with Azure skills.
Azure has many learning tracks. Infrastructure Admin Track, Developer Track, DBA Track, DevOps Professional Track. If you are already working in IT, You may choose the track you are comfortable with.
If you are new to IT you can start with Infra Admin Path.
You need to spend at least 30 hours a month to learn the Azure.
Earlier Azure Exams (70-532, 70-533, 70-535) are set to be retired by DEC 2018. https://www.microsoft.com/en-in/learning/retired-certification-exams.aspx
You need to go for exam AZ-100, AZ-101, AZ-200 for getting the Azure certified tag.
I am starting an online batch from 1st week of January for exam AZ-100.
If you are interested in rising to the top of the market competition, Do join the course.
Thanks & Regards,
Swapnil Kambli
Learn CCNA Training from the Best Tutors
Answered on 04/12/2018 Learn Cloud Computing
Alagaarasar
IT-Expert/Tutor
HI Kumar,
Its not mandatory to attend a course or a class room study understanding of the concepts and regular practice of AWS can mould you to get certified. Its better to go with AWS whitepapers which is present in AWS website and the questions will be from it. Mostly all the certification questions will be scenario based...You can get the materials from web..
Thanks and regards
read lessAnswered on 05/12/2018 Learn Cloud Computing
Swapnil Kambli
Microsoft Azure Trainer
Hi Manjunath,
Listing 'Best' features would be quite vague, As every feature can be termed as 'Best' by their Marketing Team.
Hence I would present you with a list of features unique to Azure that distinguishes Azure from the rest of the competition.
1. Microsoft Azure has the largest number of Data Centers/Regions and connectivity fiber stretch (more than AWS and Google combined).
2. Microsoft Azure is the only major cloud computing vendor to have seamless Proprietary Hybrid Cloud Solution with enterprise-grade support. (Public Cloud - Microsoft Azure, Private Cloud - Microsoft Azure Stack, Service Providers - Microsoft Azure Stack, Government Cloud - Azure Government)
3. Microsoft Azure Leads the open and Green Data centre initiative 'Open compute project'.
4. Microsoft Azure is the only vendor to have enterprise-class native Cloud solution for almost every business use cases- OS, Database, ERP, CRM, Mail Service, File Server, Collaboration Service, communication Service, PaaS, container etc.
5. Microsoft Azure is the only cloud vendor to top Gartner Cloud leader quadrant in more than 10 categories.
Answered on 04/12/2018 Learn Cloud Computing
Alagaarasar
IT-Expert/Tutor
Learn CCNA Training from the Best Tutors
Answered on 04/12/2018 Learn Cloud Computing
Alagaarasar
IT-Expert/Tutor
Hi Rajdeep, Yes you can learn both. Python is a high level language which broadens your carrier opportunity into data scientist, machine languages etc. Cloud is a platform which is mainly used to collect and process data into the virtual environment. If you learn both you can Run your python code on AWS platform as well.... Cloud is emerging technology so I would suggest to learn both...
Thanks
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