Learn Computer Networking with Free Lessons & Tips

In computer networking, the most important essential thing that every student must know is the OSI model. Though the OSI model is a reference model, and there is no practical use of this model in the industry. Still, when you learn the OSI model, you came to know how things are working in computer networking, how packets/data flows from source to destination.

In this post, I am just writing an analogy which will help you in learning of OSI model layers sequentially. Also, I am writing the protocols which use in these layers:-

Please read this from Top to Bottom:-

Andhra     --->    Application Layer (HTTP, FTP, DNS, SSH)

Pradesh    --->  Presentation Layer  (SSL, TLS)

Se             ----> Session Layer (PAP, PPTP)

Train         ----> Transport Layer (TCP/UDP)

New         -----> Network Layer  (IP)

Delhi        -----> Data Link Layer  (Ethernet)

Pahunchi     ----> Physical Layer   (USB, Bluetooth)

Thanks for reading!

To know about switching, you first need to know why you needed Switches. What purpose they serve in networking. You will know everything as read through the post.

Switches are successor of Hubs. Hubs were literally dumb devices they didn’t provide any security nor do they store any MAC addresses. So, the switch were introduced to overcome these issue

Switch is a device used on a computer network to physically connect devices together. Multiple cables can be connected to a switch to enable networked devices to communicate with each other. Switches manage the flow of data across a network by only transmitting a received message to the device for which the message was intended. Each networked device connected to a switch can be identified using a MAC address, allowing the switch to regulate the flow of traffic. This maximizes security and efficiency of the network.

Because of these features, a switch is often considered more "intelligent" than a network hub. Hubs neither provide security, or identification of connected devices. This means that messages have to be transmitted out of every port of the hub, greatly degrading the efficiency of the network.

Basic Functions of a switch involves :

Learning :  Learning MAC addresses

Forwarding : Forwarding Packets to destination

Preventing Loops : Using STP(Spanning Tree Protocol)

Ethernet Switch

Based on CSMA/CD if collision occurs the sender wait for a random period of time Switched Ethernet removes the possibility of Collision and can be operated in full-duplex. For interoperatibilty between different links Auto negotiation should be enabled

A standard switch

Also called as intelligent hub as it stores the MAC and IP address both of the packet in the arp table. We can operate a network on Full Duplex because of switch. i.e. We can receive and send the packet at the same time. Which was not possible earlier.

Switch eliminates the collision domain. i.e. packets doesn’t collide.

Separates collision domain (How many receivers can receive traffic without collision).

 Its separates the broadcast domain. Its does by using the VLANs. Each vlan is a separate broadcast domain.

If you have any queries in understanding feel free to write to me.