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Cell – Structure and Functions

Cell – Structure and Functions relates to CBSE/Class 8/Science

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Cell – Structure and Functions Lessons

Cell - Structure and Functions
Chapter – 8 Cell — Structure and Functions Cell: The smallest structural...

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Answered on 21 Feb Learn CBSE/Class 8/Science/Cell – Structure and Functions

Sadika

Animal cells and plant cells share many similarities in structure and function, but there are several key differences between them. Here are some of the main differences: Cell Wall: Plant cells have a rigid cell wall composed primarily of cellulose, which provides structural support and protection... read more

Animal cells and plant cells share many similarities in structure and function, but there are several key differences between them. Here are some of the main differences:

  1. Cell Wall:

    • Plant cells have a rigid cell wall composed primarily of cellulose, which provides structural support and protection for the cell.
    • Animal cells do not have a cell wall. Instead, they have a flexible cell membrane that surrounds the cell and regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
  2. Shape:

    • Plant cells are generally rectangular or cuboidal in shape and have a fixed shape due to the presence of the cell wall.
    • Animal cells are more varied in shape and can be spherical, irregular, or elongated, depending on their function and location in the body.
  3. Vacuoles:

    • Plant cells typically have one or more large central vacuoles that occupy a significant portion of the cell's volume. These vacuoles store water, ions, nutrients, and waste products, and help maintain turgor pressure.
    • Animal cells may contain smaller vacuoles, but they are less prominent and serve mainly to store and transport materials.
  4. Chloroplasts:

    • Plant cells contain chloroplasts, specialized organelles that carry out photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy-rich molecules such as glucose. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that captures light energy.
    • Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts, as they are unable to carry out photosynthesis. Instead, animal cells obtain energy through processes such as cellular respiration.
  5. Plastids:

    • Plant cells may contain other types of plastids in addition to chloroplasts, such as chromoplasts (which contain pigments other than chlorophyll) and amyloplasts (which store starch).
    • Animal cells do not contain plastids.
  6. Centrioles:

    • Animal cells typically contain centrioles, cylindrical structures involved in cell division (mitosis and meiosis). Centrioles are located near the nucleus and organize the microtubules of the cytoskeleton during cell division.
    • Plant cells do not have centrioles, although they can still undergo cell division through a process involving the formation of a cell plate.

These are some of the main differences between animal cells and plant cells. Despite these differences, both types of cells share many common organelles and structures, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and ribosomes, which are essential for their basic functions and processes.

 
 
 
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Answered on 21 Feb Learn CBSE/Class 8/Science/Cell – Structure and Functions

Sadika

Chloroplasts are specialized organelles found only in plant cells and some protists. They are responsible for carrying out photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose, using carbon dioxide and water. There are several reasons why chloroplasts... read more

Chloroplasts are specialized organelles found only in plant cells and some protists. They are responsible for carrying out photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose, using carbon dioxide and water. There are several reasons why chloroplasts are found only in plant cells:

  1. Origin: Chloroplasts are believed to have originated from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells. Through the process of endosymbiosis, these cyanobacteria formed a symbiotic relationship with the host cell, eventually evolving into the chloroplasts found in modern plant cells.

  2. Photosynthesis: Chloroplasts are the primary site of photosynthesis in plants. They contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that captures light energy from the sun and converts it into chemical energy through a series of biochemical reactions. This process enables plants to produce organic molecules such as glucose, which serve as a source of energy and carbon for the plant.

  3. Autotrophic Nature of Plants: Plants are autotrophic organisms, meaning they are capable of producing their own food through photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are essential for this process, as they provide the machinery necessary for capturing light energy and converting it into chemical energy. Since animals and most other organisms are heterotrophic, they do not require chloroplasts for energy production and thus do not possess these organelles.

  4. Cellular Specialization: Plant cells have evolved specialized structures and organelles to perform various functions required for their survival and growth. Chloroplasts are one such specialized organelle found exclusively in plant cells, where they play a crucial role in energy production and carbohydrate synthesis.

Overall, chloroplasts are uniquely adapted organelles found only in plant cells, where they enable plants to carry out photosynthesis and produce their own food. Their presence is essential for the autotrophic nature of plants and their ability to sustain life through the conversion of light energy into chemical energy.

 
 
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Answered on 21 Feb Learn CBSE/Class 8/Science/Cell – Structure and Functions

Sadika

The statement "cells are the basic structural and functional unit of life" highlights the fundamental concept in biology that all living organisms are composed of cells and that cells are the smallest structural and functional units capable of exhibiting the properties of life. This concept is known... read more

The statement "cells are the basic structural and functional unit of life" highlights the fundamental concept in biology that all living organisms are composed of cells and that cells are the smallest structural and functional units capable of exhibiting the properties of life. This concept is known as the cell theory and is a cornerstone of modern biology. Here's an explanation of why cells are considered the basic units of life:

  1. Structural Organization: All living organisms, from simple single-celled bacteria to complex multicellular organisms like plants and animals, are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the building blocks of life, and the structural organization of an organism arises from the arrangement and interactions of its constituent cells.

  2. Functional Units: Cells perform all the essential functions necessary for life, including metabolism, growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, and homeostasis. Each cell is capable of carrying out these functions independently, making it a functional unit of life. Even in multicellular organisms, the specialized cells that make up tissues, organs, and organ systems retain the ability to perform specific functions essential for the survival of the organism as a whole.

  3. Genetic Material: Cells contain genetic material, such as DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), that carries the instructions for the synthesis of proteins and the regulation of cellular processes. DNA serves as the hereditary material passed from one generation to the next and governs the development, growth, and functioning of cells and organisms.

  4. Cell Theory: The cell theory, formulated in the 19th century by scientists such as Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow, states that:

    • All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
    • The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
    • All cells arise from pre-existing cells through the process of cell division.
  5. Unity of Life: The cell theory underscores the unity of life, as all living organisms share a common cellular organization and biochemical basis. Whether an organism is a single-celled bacterium or a complex multicellular organism, its essential functions are carried out by cells.

In summary, cells are considered the basic structural and functional unit of life because they are the smallest entities capable of exhibiting the properties of life, including organization, metabolism, growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, and heredity. The cell theory provides a framework for understanding the fundamental properties of living organisms and their underlying cellular basis.

 
 
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Answered on 21 Feb Learn CBSE/Class 8/Science/Cell – Structure and Functions

Sadika

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes are two broad categories of organisms distinguished by the presence or absence of a distinct nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Here are the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells: Nucleus: Eukaryotes: Eukaryotic cells have a true membrane-bound... read more

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes are two broad categories of organisms distinguished by the presence or absence of a distinct nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Here are the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:

  1. Nucleus:

    • Eukaryotes: Eukaryotic cells have a true membrane-bound nucleus that houses the genetic material (DNA) in the form of linear chromosomes. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope consisting of two lipid bilayers.
    • Prokaryotes: Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus. Instead, the genetic material is typically located in a region of the cell called the nucleoid, which is not enclosed by a membrane. The DNA in prokaryotic cells is usually circular and exists as a single, continuous loop.
  2. Membrane-Bound Organelles:

    • Eukaryotes: Eukaryotic cells contain various membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and chloroplasts (in plant cells). These organelles compartmentalize the cell and perform specific functions.
    • Prokaryotes: Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles. Instead, they contain specialized structures such as ribosomes, cell walls, and flagella, but these structures are not enclosed within membranes.
  3. Cell Size:

    • Eukaryotes: Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells, with sizes ranging from 10 to 100 micrometers in diameter.
    • Prokaryotes: Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler, with sizes typically ranging from 0.1 to 5 micrometers in diameter.
  4. Cytoplasmic Organization:

    • Eukaryotes: The cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells is compartmentalized by membrane-bound organelles, allowing for specialized cellular functions to occur in different regions of the cell.
    • Prokaryotes: The cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells is relatively simple and lacks compartmentalization by membrane-bound organelles. Most of the cell's metabolic processes occur in the cytoplasm.
  5. Cell Division:

    • Eukaryotes: Eukaryotic cells undergo mitosis or meiosis during cell division, which involves the replication and distribution of the genetic material into daughter cells.
    • Prokaryotes: Prokaryotic cells reproduce primarily through binary fission, a process in which the cell divides into two daughter cells, each containing a copy of the original cell's genetic material.
  6. Examples:

    • Eukaryotes: Examples of eukaryotic organisms include plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
    • Prokaryotes: Examples of prokaryotic organisms include bacteria and archaea.

These are some of the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Despite their differences, both types of cells share fundamental features, such as a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material, that are essential for life.

 
 
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Answered on 21 Feb Learn CBSE/Class 8/Science/Cell – Structure and Functions

Sadika

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells, serving as the control center and genetic information repository of the cell. It is one of the most prominent and vital organelles, playing a crucial role in regulating cellular activities, storing genetic material, and coordinating... read more

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells, serving as the control center and genetic information repository of the cell. It is one of the most prominent and vital organelles, playing a crucial role in regulating cellular activities, storing genetic material, and coordinating cellular functions. Here are some key points about the nucleus:

  1. Structure: The nucleus is typically spherical or oval-shaped and surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope consists of two lipid bilayers with nuclear pores that regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The interior of the nucleus, known as the nucleoplasm, contains chromatin, nucleolus, and various nucleoplasmic proteins.

  2. Genetic Material: The nucleus houses the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), organized into linear structures called chromosomes. Chromosomes consist of long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones. The DNA contains the instructions for synthesizing proteins and controlling cellular activities, serving as the blueprint for the cell's structure and function.

  3. Chromatin and Chromosomes: Within the nucleus, the DNA exists in a dispersed, thread-like form known as chromatin during interphase, the stage of the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. As the cell prepares for cell division, the chromatin condenses and coils tightly to form visible structures called chromosomes, which are essential for the accurate segregation and distribution of genetic material during cell division.

  4. Nucleolus: The nucleus contains one or more nucleoli, which are specialized regions responsible for the synthesis and assembly of ribosomes, the cellular structures involved in protein synthesis. The nucleolus is rich in RNA (ribonucleic acid) and proteins and appears as a dense, spherical structure within the nucleus.

  5. Regulation of Gene Expression: The nucleus plays a central role in regulating gene expression, the process by which information encoded in the DNA is used to synthesize proteins and other molecules essential for cellular function. This regulation occurs through various mechanisms, including transcription (the synthesis of RNA from DNA) and RNA processing, which take place within the nucleus before the RNA molecules are exported to the cytoplasm for translation into proteins.

  6. Cellular Communication: The nucleus communicates with other cellular organelles and structures through signaling pathways and molecular interactions. It receives signals from the cell's environment and responds by regulating gene expression, cell growth, division, and differentiation accordingly.

In summary, the nucleus is a vital organelle that serves as the command center and genetic information repository of the cell. It houses the cell's DNA, regulates gene expression, synthesizes RNA and ribosomes, and plays a central role in coordinating cellular activities and functions.

 
 
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