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Q14.4(b):
Use the formula (v) = (\sqrt{\frac{\gamma P}{\rho}}) to explain why the speed of sound in air increases with temperature,

Solution :

Step 1: Theoretical Foundation of the Wave Velocity Formula

The speed of sound $v$ in an ideal gas is given by the Laplace-corrected formula:

$v = \sqrt{\frac{\gamma P}{\rho}}$

Where:

  • $\gamma$ is the adiabatic index (ratio of specific heats $C_p/C_v$).
  • $P$ is the pressure of the gas.
  • $\rho$ is the density of the gas.

[Justification: Per Laplace's correction to Newton’s formula, sound propagation in air is an adiabatic process due to the rapid compression and rarefaction cycles.]

Step 2: Incorporating the Equation of State

For an ideal gas, the relationship between pressure $P$, density $\rho$, molar mass $M$, and absolute temperature $T$ is derived from the Ideal Gas Law ($PV = nRT$):

Since $n = \frac{m}{M}$ and $\rho = \frac{m}{V}$, we substitute $V = \frac{m}{\rho}$ into $PV = nRT$:

$P\left(\frac{m}{\rho}\right) = \left(\frac{m}{M}\right)RT$

$P = \frac{\rho RT}{M} \implies \frac{P}{\rho} = \frac{RT}{M}$

[Justification: Ideal Gas Law $PV=nRT$ and definition of density $\rho=m/V$.]

Step 3: Deriving the Velocity-Temperature Relationship

Substitute the expression $\frac{P}{\rho} = \frac{RT}{M}$ into the initial velocity formula:

$v = \sqrt{\gamma \left( \frac{RT}{M} \right)}$

For a specific gas (like air), $\gamma$, $R$ (universal gas constant), and $M$ (molar mass) are constants. This yields the proportional relationship:

$v \propto \sqrt{T}$

[Justification: Mathematical derivation from the Ideal Gas Law applied to the adiabatic speed of sound formula.]

Step 4: Analytical Conclusion

As the temperature $T$ increases, the square root of the absolute temperature, $\sqrt{T}$, also increases. Given that $v = \sqrt{\frac{\gamma R}{M}} \cdot \sqrt{T}$, it is mathematically necessitated that $v$ must increase as $T$ increases.

T v v = k√T Temperature (K)

Final Solution: Because the speed of sound $v$ is directly proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature ($\sqrt{T}$), as the temperature of air increases, the kinetic energy of the gas molecules rises, resulting in a higher propagation velocity of the longitudinal wave.


More Questions from Class 11 Physics Waves EXERCISES


CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Physics Waves


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