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Q7.4:
Show that the area of the triangle contained between the vectors $a$ and $b$ is one half of the magnitude of $a \times b$.
Solution :
Step 1: Geometric Representation of Vector Cross Product
Consider two vectors $\vec{a}$ and $\vec{b}$ originating from a common point $O$. Let $\theta$ be the angle between these vectors. By the definition of the cross product of two vectors:
$\vec{a} \times \vec{b} = (|\vec{a}| |\vec{b}| \sin \theta) \hat{n}$
where $\hat{n}$ is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing $\vec{a}$ and $\vec{b}$. [Per the Geometric Definition of Cross Product].
Step 2: Defining the Area of a Triangle
The area ($A$) of a triangle is defined as:
$A = \frac{1}{2} \times \text{base} \times \text{height}$
In the triangle formed by vectors $\vec{a}$ and $\vec{b}$, we set the base equal to the magnitude of vector $\vec{a}$:
$\text{base} = |\vec{a}|$
The height ($h$) is the perpendicular projection of $\vec{b}$ onto the direction perpendicular to $\vec{a}$. From trigonometry in the right-angled triangle formed by the height:
$h = |\vec{b}| \sin \theta$
Step 3: Derivation and Substitution
Substitute the expressions for base and height into the area formula:
$A = \frac{1}{2} |\vec{a}| (|\vec{b}| \sin \theta)$
By the algebraic property of the cross product magnitude:
$|\vec{a} \times \vec{b}| = |\vec{a}| |\vec{b}| \sin \theta$
Substituting this identity into the area equation:
$A = \frac{1}{2} |\vec{a} \times \vec{b}|$
Step 4: Analytical Verification
| Component | Magnitude Relation |
|---|---|
| Base | $|\vec{a}|$ |
| Height | $|\vec{b}| \sin \theta$ |
| Area | $\frac{1}{2} |\vec{a}| |\vec{b}| \sin \theta$ |
Since the magnitude of the cross product represents the area of a parallelogram defined by $\vec{a}$ and $\vec{b}$, and a triangle formed by the same vectors constitutes exactly half of that parallelogram, the relation holds true [By Parallelogram Law of Vector Geometry].
Final Solution: The area of the triangle formed by vectors $\vec{a}$ and $\vec{b}$ is $A = \frac{1}{2} |\vec{a} \times \vec{b}|$.
More Questions from Class 11 Physics System of Particles and Rotational Motion EXERCISES
- Q6.1(i): Give the location of the centre of mass of a sphere, each of uniform mass density. Does the centre of mass of a body necessarily lie inside the body ?
- Q6.1(ii): Give the location of the centre of mass of a cylinder, each of uniform mass density. Does the centre of mass of a body necessarily lie inside the body ?
- Q6.1(iii): Give the location of the centre of mass of a ring, each of uniform mass density. Does the centre of mass of a body necessarily lie inside the body ?
- Q6.1(iv): Give the location of the centre of mass of a cube, each of uniform mass density. Does the centre of mass of a body necessarily lie inside the body ?
- Q6.10: Torques of equal magnitude are applied to a hollow cylinder and a solid sphere, both having the same mass and radius. The cylinder is free to rotate about its standard axis of symmetry, and the sphere is free to rotate about an axis passing through its centre. Which of the two will acquire a greater angular speed after a given time.
- Q6.11: A solid cylinder of mass 20 kg rotates about its axis with angular speed 100 rad (s^{-1}). The radius of the cylinder is 0.25 m. What is the kinetic energy associated with the rotation of the cylinder? What is the magnitude of angular momentum of the cylinder about its axis?
- Q6.12(a): A child stands at the centre of a turntable with his two arms outstretched. The turntable is set rotating with an angular speed of 40 rev/min. How much is the angular speed of the child if he folds his hands back and thereby reduces his moment of inertia to (\frac{2}{5}) times the initial value ? Assume that the turntable rotates without friction.
- Q6.12(b): Show that the child’s new kinetic energy of rotation is more than the initial kinetic energy of rotation. How do you account for this increase in kinetic energy?
- Q6.13: A rope of negligible mass is wound round a hollow cylinder of mass 3 kg and radius 40 cm. What is the angular acceleration of the cylinder if the rope is pulled with a force of 30 N ? What is the linear acceleration of the rope ? Assume that there is no slipping.
- Q6.14: To maintain a rotor at a uniform angular speed of 200 rad (s^{-1}), an engine needs to transmit a torque of 180 N m. What is the power required by the engine ? (Note: uniform angular velocity in the absence of friction implies zero torque. In practice, applied torque is needed to counter frictional torque). Assume that the engine is 100% efficient.
- Q6.15: From a uniform disk of radius (R), a circular hole of radius (\frac{R}{2}) is cut out. The centre of the hole is at (\frac{R}{2}) from the centre of the original disc. Locate the centre of gravity of the resulting flat body.
- Q6.16: A metre stick is balanced on a knife edge at its centre. When two coins, each of mass 5 g are put one on top of the other at the 12.0 cm mark, the stick is found to be balanced at 45.0 cm. What is the mass of the metre stick?
- Q6.17: The oxygen molecule has a mass of (5.30 \times 10^{-26}) kg and a moment of inertia of (1.94 \times 10^{-46}) kg (m^2) about an axis through its centre perpendicular to the lines joining the two atoms. Suppose the mean speed of such a molecule in a gas is 500 m/s and that its kinetic energy of rotation is two thirds of its kinetic energy of translation. Find the average angular velocity of the molecule.
- Q6.2: In the HCl molecule, the separation between the nuclei of the two atoms is about 1.27 Å (1 Å = (10^{-10}) m). Find the approximate location of the CM of the molecule, given that a chlorine atom is about 35.5 times as massive as a hydrogen atom and nearly all the mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus.
- Q6.3: A child sits stationary at one end of a long trolley moving uniformly with a speed (V) on a smooth horizontal floor. If the child gets up and runs about on the trolley in any manner, what is the speed of the CM of the (trolley + child) system ?
- Q6.4: Show that the area of the triangle contained between the vectors (a) and (b) is one half of the magnitude of (a \times b).
- Q6.5: Show that (a.(b \times c)) is equal in magnitude to the volume of the parallelepiped formed on the three vectors, (a), (b) and (c).
- Q6.6: Find the components along the (x), (y), (z) axes of the angular momentum (l) of a particle, whose position vector is (r) with components (x), (y), (z) and momentum is (p) with components (p_x), (p_y) and (p_z). Show that if the particle moves only in the x-y plane the angular momentum has only a z-component.
- Q6.7: Two particles, each of mass (m) and speed (v), travel in opposite directions along parallel lines separated by a distance (d). Show that the angular momentum vector of the two particle system is the same whatever be the point about which the angular momentum is taken.
- Q6.8: A non-uniform bar of weight (W) is suspended at rest by two strings of negligible weight as shown in Fig.6.33. The angles made by the strings with the vertical are (36.9^\circ) and (53.1^\circ) respectively. The bar is 2 m long. Calculate the distance (d) of the centre of gravity of the bar from its left end.
- Q6.9: A car weighs 1800 kg. The distance between its front and back axles is 1.8 m. Its centre of gravity is 1.05 m behind the front axle. Determine the force exerted by the level ground on each front wheel and each back wheel.
- Q7.1(i): Give the location of the centre of mass of a (i) sphere, each of uniform mass density. Does the centre of mass of a body necessarily lie inside the body ?
- Q7.1(ii): Give the location of the centre of mass of a (ii) cylinder, each of uniform mass density. Does the centre of mass of a body necessarily lie inside the body ?
- Q7.1(iii): Give the location of the centre of mass of a (iii) ring, each of uniform mass density. Does the centre of mass of a body necessarily lie inside the body ?
- Q7.1(iv): Give the location of the centre of mass of a (iv) cube, each of uniform mass density. Does the centre of mass of a body necessarily lie inside the body ?
- Q7.10(a): (a) Find the moment of inertia of a sphere about a tangent to the sphere, given the moment of inertia of the sphere about any of its diameters to be $2MR^2/5$, where $M$ is the mass of the sphere and $R$ is the radius of the sphere.
- Q7.10(b): (b) Given the moment of inertia of a disc of mass $M$ and radius $R$ about any of its diameters to be $MR^2/4$, find its moment of inertia about an axis normal to the disc and passing through a point on its edge.
- Q7.11: Torques of equal magnitude are applied to a hollow cylinder and a solid sphere, both having the same mass and radius. The cylinder is free to rotate about its standard axis of symmetry, and the sphere is free to rotate about an axis passing through its centre. Which of the two will acquire a greater angular speed after a given time.
- Q7.12: A solid cylinder of mass 20 kg rotates about its axis with angular speed $100 rad s^{-1}$. The radius of the cylinder is 0.25 m. What is the kinetic energy associated with the rotation of the cylinder? What is the magnitude of angular momentum of the cylinder about its axis?
- Q7.13(a): (a) A child stands at the centre of a turntable with his two arms outstretched. The turntable is set rotating with an angular speed of 40 rev/min. How much is the angular speed of the child if he folds his hands back and thereby reduces his moment of inertia to $2/5$ times the initial value ? Assume that the turntable rotates without friction.
- Q7.13(b): (b) Show that the child’s new kinetic energy of rotation is more than the initial kinetic energy of rotation. How do you account for this increase in kinetic energy?
- Q7.14: A rope of negligible mass is wound round a hollow cylinder of mass 3 kg and radius 40 cm. What is the angular acceleration of the cylinder if the rope is pulled with a force of 30 N ? What is the linear acceleration of the rope ? Assume that there is no slipping.
- Q7.15: To maintain a rotor at a uniform angular speed of $200 rad s^{-1}$, an engine needs to transmit a torque of 180 N m. What is the power required by the engine ? (Note: uniform angular velocity in the absence of friction implies zero torque. In practice, applied torque is needed to counter frictional torque). Assume that the engine is 100% efficient.
- Q7.16: From a uniform disk of radius $R$, a circular hole of radius $R/2$ is cut out. The centre of the hole is at $R/2$ from the centre of the original disc. Locate the centre of gravity of the resulting flat body.
- Q7.17: A metre stick is balanced on a knife edge at its centre. When two coins, each of mass 5 g are put one on top of the other at the 12.0 cm mark, the stick is found to be balanced at 45.0 cm. What is the mass of the metre stick?
- Q7.18(a): A solid sphere rolls down two different inclined planes of the same heights but different angles of inclination. (a) Will it reach the bottom with the same speed in each case?
- Q7.18(b): A solid sphere rolls down two different inclined planes of the same heights but different angles of inclination. (b) Will it take longer to roll down one plane than the other?
- Q7.18(c): A solid sphere rolls down two different inclined planes of the same heights but different angles of inclination. (c) If so, which one and why?
- Q7.19: A hoop of radius 2 m weighs 100 kg. It rolls along a horizontal floor so that its centre of mass has a speed of 20 cm/s. How much work has to be done to stop it?
- Q7.2: In the HCl molecule, the separation between the nuclei of the two atoms is about $1.27 \AA$ ($1 \AA = 10^{-10} m$). Find the approximate location of the CM of the molecule, given that a chlorine atom is about $35.5$ times as massive as a hydrogen atom and nearly all the mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus.
- Q7.20: The oxygen molecule has a mass of $5.30 \times 10^{-26}$ kg and a moment of inertia of $1.94 \times 10^{-46} kg m^2$ about an axis through its centre perpendicular to the lines joining the two atoms. Suppose the mean speed of such a molecule in a gas is 500 m/s and that its kinetic energy of rotation is two thirds of its kinetic energy of translation. Find the average angular velocity of the molecule.
- Q7.21(a): A solid cylinder rolls up an inclined plane of angle of inclination $30^\circ$. At the bottom of the inclined plane the centre of mass of the cylinder has a speed of 5 m/s. (a) How far will the cylinder go up the plane?
- Q7.21(b): A solid cylinder rolls up an inclined plane of angle of inclination $30^\circ$. At the bottom of the inclined plane the centre of mass of the cylinder has a speed of 5 m/s. (b) How long will it take to return to the bottom?
- Q7.22: As shown in Fig.7.40, the two sides of a step ladder BA and CA are 1.6 m long and hinged at A. A rope DE, 0.5 m is tied half way up. A weight 40 kg is suspended from a point F, 1.2 m from B along the ladder BA. Assuming the floor to be frictionless and neglecting the weight of the ladder, find the tension in the rope and forces exerted by the floor on the ladder. (Take $g = 9.8 m/s^2$) (Hint: Consider the equilibrium of each side of the ladder separately.)
- Q7.23(a): A man stands on a rotating platform, with his arms stretched horizontally holding a 5 kg weight in each hand. The angular speed of the platform is 30 revolutions per minute. The man then brings his arms close to his body with the distance of each weight from the axis changing from 90cm to 20cm. The moment of inertia of the man together with the platform may be taken to be constant and equal to $7.6 kg m^2$. (a) What is his new angular speed? (Neglect friction.)
- Q7.23(b): A man stands on a rotating platform, with his arms stretched horizontally holding a 5 kg weight in each hand. The angular speed of the platform is 30 revolutions per minute. The man then brings his arms close to his body with the distance of each weight from the axis changing from 90cm to 20cm. The moment of inertia of the man together with the platform may be taken to be constant and equal to $7.6 kg m^2$. (b) Is kinetic energy conserved in the process? If not, from where does the change come about?
- Q7.24: A bullet of mass 10 g and speed 500 m/s is fired into a door and gets embedded exactly at the centre of the door. The door is 1.0 m wide and weighs 12 kg. It is hinged at one end and rotates about a vertical axis practically without friction. Find the angular speed of the door just after the bullet embeds into it. (Hint: The moment of inertia of the door about the vertical axis at one end is $ML^2/3$.)
- Q7.25(a): Two discs of moments of inertia $I_1$ and $I_2$ about their respective axes (normal to the disc and passing through the centre), and rotating with angular speeds $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$ are brought into contact face to face with their axes of rotation coincident. (a) What is the angular speed of the two-disc system?
- Q7.25(b): Two discs of moments of inertia $I_1$ and $I_2$ about their respective axes (normal to the disc and passing through the centre), and rotating with angular speeds $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$ are brought into contact face to face with their axes of rotation coincident. (b) Show that the kinetic energy of the combined system is less than the sum of the initial kinetic energies of the two discs. How do you account for this loss in energy? Take $\omega_1 \neq \omega_2$.
- Q7.26(a): (a) Prove the theorem of perpendicular axes. (Hint : Square of the distance of a point $(x, y)$ in the $x–y$ plane from an axis through the origin and perpendicular to the plane is $x^2+y^2$).
- Q7.26(b): (b) Prove the theorem of parallel axes. (Hint : If the centre of mass of a system of $n$ particles is chosen to be the origin $\sum m_i r_i = 0$).
- Q7.27: Prove the result that the velocity $v$ of translation of a rolling body (like a ring, disc, cylinder or sphere) at the bottom of an inclined plane of a height $h$ is given by $v = \sqrt{\frac{2gh}{1 + k^2/R^2}}$ using dynamical consideration (i.e. by consideration of forces and torques). Note $k$ is the radius of gyration of the body about its symmetry axis, and $R$ is the radius of the body. The body starts from rest at the top of the plane.
- Q7.28: A disc rotating about its axis with angular speed $\omega_o$ is placed lightly (without any translational push) on a perfectly frictionless table. The radius of the disc is $R$. What are the linear velocities of the points A, B and C on the disc shown in Fig. 7.41? Will the disc roll in the direction indicated ?
- Q7.29(a): Explain why friction is necessary to make the disc in Fig. 7.41 roll in the direction indicated. (a) Give the direction of frictional force at B, and the sense of frictional torque, before perfect rolling begins.
- Q7.29(b): Explain why friction is necessary to make the disc in Fig. 7.41 roll in the direction indicated. (b) What is the force of friction after perfect rolling begins ?
- Q7.3: A child sits stationary at one end of a long trolley moving uniformly with a speed $V$ on a smooth horizontal floor. If the child gets up and runs about on the trolley in any manner, what is the speed of the CM of the (trolley + child) system ?
- Q7.30: A solid disc and a ring, both of radius 10 cm are placed on a horizontal table simultaneously, with initial angular speed equal to $10 \pi$ rad $s^{-1}$. Which of the two will start to roll earlier ? The co-efficient of kinetic friction is $\mu_k = 0.2$.
- Q7.31(a): A cylinder of mass 10 kg and radius 15 cm is rolling perfectly on a plane of inclination $30^o$. The co-efficient of static friction $\mu_s = 0.25$. (a) How much is the force of friction acting on the cylinder ?
- Q7.31(b): A cylinder of mass 10 kg and radius 15 cm is rolling perfectly on a plane of inclination $30^o$. The co-efficient of static friction $\mu_s = 0.25$. (b) What is the work done against friction during rolling ?
- Q7.31(c): A cylinder of mass 10 kg and radius 15 cm is rolling perfectly on a plane of inclination $30^o$. The co-efficient of static friction $\mu_s = 0.25$. (c) If the inclination $\theta$ of the plane is increased, at what value of $\theta$ does the cylinder begin to skid, and not roll perfectly ?
- Q7.32(a): Read each statement below carefully, and state, with reasons, if it is true or false; (a) During rolling, the force of friction acts in the same direction as the direction of motion of the CM of the body.
- Q7.32(b): Read each statement below carefully, and state, with reasons, if it is true or false; (b) The instantaneous speed of the point of contact during rolling is zero.
- Q7.32(c): Read each statement below carefully, and state, with reasons, if it is true or false; (c) The instantaneous acceleration of the point of contact during rolling is zero.
- Q7.32(d): Read each statement below carefully, and state, with reasons, if it is true or false; (d) For perfect rolling motion, work done against friction is zero.
- Q7.32(e): Read each statement below carefully, and state, with reasons, if it is true or false; (e) A wheel moving down a perfectly frictionless inclined plane will undergo slipping (not rolling) motion.
- Q7.33(a): Separation of Motion of a system of particles into motion of the centre of mass and motion about the centre of mass : (a) Show $p_i = p'_i + m_i V$ where $p_i$ is the momentum of the ith particle (of mass $m_i$) and $p'_i = m_i v'_i$. Note $v'_i$ is the velocity of the ith particle relative to the centre of mass. Also, prove using the definition of the centre of mass $\sum p'_i = 0$.
- Q7.33(b): Separation of Motion of a system of particles into motion of the centre of mass and motion about the centre of mass : (b) Show $K = K' + \frac{MV^2}{2}$ where $K$ is the total kinetic energy of the system of particles, $K'$ is the total kinetic energy of the system when the particle velocities are taken with respect to the centre of mass and $\frac{MV^2}{2}$ is the kinetic energy of the translation of the system as a whole (i.e. of the centre of mass motion of the system). The result has been used in Sec. 7.14.
- Q7.33(c): Separation of Motion of a system of particles into motion of the centre of mass and motion about the centre of mass : (c) Show $L = L' + R \times MV$ where $L' = \sum r'_i \times p'_i$ is the angular momentum of the system about the centre of mass with velocities taken relative to the centre of mass. Remember $r'_i = r_i - R$; rest of the notation is the standard notation used in the chapter. Note $L'$ and $M \times R V$ can be said to be angular momenta, respectively, about and of the centre of mass of the system of particles.
- Q7.33(d): Separation of Motion of a system of particles into motion of the centre of mass and motion about the centre of mass : (d) Show $\frac{d L'}{dt} = \sum r'_i \times \frac{dp'_i}{dt}$ Further, show that $\frac{d L'}{dt} = \tau'_{ext}$ where $\tau'_{ext}$ is the sum of all external torques acting on the system about the centre of mass. (Hint : Use the definition of centre of mass and third law of motion. Assume the internal forces between any two particles act along the line joining the particles.)
- Q7.5: Show that $a.(b \times c)$ is equal in magnitude to the volume of the parallelepiped formed on the three vectors, $a, b$ and $c$.
- Q7.6: Find the components along the $x, y, z$ axes of the angular momentum $l$ of a particle, whose position vector is $r$ with components $x, y, z$ and momentum is $p$ with components $p_x, p_y$ and $p_z$. Show that if the particle moves only in the $x-y$ plane the angular momentum has only a $z$-component.
- Q7.7: Two particles, each of mass $m$ and speed $v$, travel in opposite directions along parallel lines separated by a distance $d$. Show that the angular momentum vector of the two particle system is the same whatever be the point about which the angular momentum is taken.
- Q7.8: A non-uniform bar of weight $W$ is suspended at rest by two strings of negligible weight as shown in Fig.7.39. The angles made by the strings with the vertical are $36.9^\circ$ and $53.1^\circ$ respectively. The bar is 2 m long. Calculate the distance $d$ of the centre of gravity of the bar from its left end.
- Q7.9: A car weighs 1800 kg. The distance between its front and back axles is 1.8 m. Its centre of gravity is 1.05 m behind the front axle. Determine the force exerted by the level ground on each front wheel and each back wheel.
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Physics System of Particles and Rotational Motion
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