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Q3.29:
Write the general outer electronic configuration of $s$-, $p$-, $d$- and $f$- block elements.

Solution :

Step 1: Classification Based on Orbital Filling

The periodic table is categorized into blocks based on the specific subshell ($s, p, d, f$) being filled by the valence electrons of the element. The general outer electronic configuration describes the arrangement of these outermost electrons across the representative, transition, and inner transition series.

Step 2: Defining Electronic Configurations for Each Block

The following table delineates the generalized outer shell electronic configurations:

Block General Electronic Configuration Characteristics
$s$-block $ns^{1-2}$ Includes alkali metals ($ns^1$) and alkaline earth metals ($ns^2$).
$p$-block $ns^2 np^{1-6}$ Includes Groups 13 to 18; Helium is an exception with $1s^2$.
$d$-block $(n-1)d^{1-10} ns^{0-2}$ Known as transition elements; involves filling of the penultimate $d$-shell.
$f$-block $(n-2)f^{1-14} (n-1)d^{0-1} ns^2$ Known as inner transition elements; includes Lanthanoids and Actinoids.

Step 3: Theoretical Justification and Constraints

  • $s$-block: The valence electrons reside in the outermost $ns$ orbital. This accounts for the high reactivity and electropositive nature of these elements [Per the Aufbau Principle].
  • $p$-block: The configuration $ns^2 np^{1-6}$ accounts for elements ranging from metals to non-metals and noble gases. The noble gas configuration is achieved at $ns^2 np^6$ [Per the Octet Rule].
  • $d$-block: These elements exhibit variable oxidation states because the energy difference between $(n-1)d$ and $ns$ orbitals is minimal, allowing for electron participation from both subshells [Per the Pauli Exclusion Principle].
  • $f$-block: Characterized by the filling of $4f$ (Lanthanoids) or $5f$ (Actinoids) orbitals. The electrons are added to the anti-penultimate shell [Per the Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity].

Step 4: Schematic Visualization of Orbital Energy Levels

$s$-block $p$-block $d$-block $f$-block $ns$ $np$ $(n-1)d$ $(n-2)f$

Final Solution: The general outer electronic configurations are as follows: $s$-block: $ns^{1-2}$; $p$-block: $ns^2 np^{1-6}$; $d$-block: $(n-1)d^{1-10} ns^{0-2}$; $f$-block: $(n-2)f^{1-14} (n-1)d^{0-1} ns^2$.


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