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Q8:
What is the effect of $pCO_2$ on oxygen transport?
Solution :
1. Physiological Foundation: The Bohr Effect
The transport of oxygen ($O_2$) is intrinsically regulated by the partial pressure of carbon dioxide ($pCO_2$) through a phenomenon known as the Bohr Effect. This effect describes how increases in $pCO_2$ and hydrogen ion concentration ($H^+$) reduce the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen [Per the Bohr Effect, 1904].
2. Biochemical Mechanism of Action
The interaction occurs in the systemic tissues where metabolic activity generates high concentrations of $CO_2$. The mechanism follows these precise steps:
- Hydration of Carbon Dioxide: $CO_2$ diffuses into erythrocytes, where the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes its reaction with water:
$CO_2 + H_2O \rightleftharpoons H_2CO_3 \rightleftharpoons H^+ + HCO_3^-$ - Proton Binding: The resulting $H^+$ ions bind to specific amino acid residues on the globin chains of the hemoglobin molecule.
- Conformational Change: This binding induces a conformational shift in the hemoglobin tetramer from the "R" (relaxed/high-affinity) state to the "T" (tense/low-affinity) state.
- Dissociation: As the affinity for $O_2$ decreases, the hemoglobin molecule releases its bound oxygen into the tissues where it is required for cellular respiration.
3. Impact on the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
The effect of elevated $pCO_2$ is visualized as a Rightward Shift of the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve [Per the Law of Mass Action].
4. Comparative Analysis Table
| Location | $pCO_2$ Level | Effect on $O_2$ Affinity | Biological Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Systemic Tissues | High | Decreased | Oxygen unloading (Dissociation) |
| Alveolar Capillaries | Low | Increased | Oxygen loading (Association) |
Final Solution: High $pCO_2$ shifts the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right. This increases the release of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin to the tissues by decreasing hemoglobin's affinity for $O_2$ (the Bohr Effect), thereby facilitating efficient gas exchange at the sites of active metabolism.
More Questions from Class 11 Biology Breathing and Exchange of Gases EXERCISES
- Q1: Define vital capacity. What is its significance?
- Q2: State the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal breathing.
- Q3: Diffusion of gases occurs in the alveolar region only and not in the other parts of respiratory system. Why?
- Q4: What are the major transport mechanisms for $CO_2$? Explain.
- Q5: What will be the $pO_2$ and $pCO_2$ in the atmospheric air compared to those in the alveolar air ?
- Q6: Explain the process of inspiration under normal conditions.
- Q7: How is respiration regulated?
- Q9: What happens to the respiratory process in a man going up a hill?
- Q10: What is the site of gaseous exchange in an insect?
- Q11: Define oxygen dissociation curve. Can you suggest any reason for its sigmoidal pattern?
- Q12: Have you heard about hypoxia? Try to gather information about it, and discuss with your friends.
- Q13(a): Distinguish between (a) IRV and ERV
- Q13(b): Distinguish between (b) Inspiratory capacity and Expiratory capacity.
- Q13(c): Distinguish between (c) Vital capacity and Total lung capacity.
- Q14: What is Tidal volume? Find out the Tidal volume (approximate value) for a healthy human in an hour.
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Breathing and Exchange of Gases
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Biology
- The Living World
- Biological Classification
- Plant Kingdom
- Animal Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Cell Cycle and Division
- Transport in Plants
- Mineral Nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration in Plants
- Plant Growth and Development
- Digestion and Absorption
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Excretory Products and Elimination
- Locomotion and Movement
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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