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Q7:
How is respiration regulated?
Solution :
1. Neural Regulation: The Primary Control Mechanism
The regulation of respiration in humans is fundamentally a neurobiological process coordinated by the central nervous system to maintain blood gas homeostasis. This is managed by distinct respiratory centers located in the brainstem:
- Respiratory Rhythm Center (Medulla Oblongata): This region is primarily responsible for the basic rhythm of respiration. It contains the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG), which generates the fundamental inspiratory drive. [Per the Hering-Breuer Reflex mechanism and neural pacing].
- Pneumotaxic Center (Pons Varolii): This center acts as a "switch-off" mechanism for inspiration. By signaling the medulla, it regulates the duration of the inspiratory cycle, thereby increasing the respiratory rate and limiting the depth of breathing.
- Apneustic Center (Lower Pons): This area promotes deep inspiration by prolonging the activation of the inspiratory neurons in the medulla.
2. Chemical Regulation: The Feedback Loop
The chemical composition of arterial blood acts as the primary sensory input for the respiratory centers. This is monitored by specialized chemoreceptors:
| Receptor Type | Location | Primary Stimulus |
|---|---|---|
| Central Chemoreceptors | Medulla Oblongata | Increased $H^+$ ion concentration (resulting from elevated $pCO_2$) in the cerebrospinal fluid. |
| Peripheral Chemoreceptors | Aortic arch and Carotid bodies | Significant drops in $pO_2$ levels and fluctuations in $H^+$ and $pCO_2$ in arterial blood. |
3. Schematic Representation of Respiratory Feedback
4. Step-by-Step Regulatory Logic
- Detection: When the partial pressure of carbon dioxide ($pCO_2$) rises, it crosses the blood-brain barrier.
- Reaction: The reaction $CO_2 + H_2O \rightleftharpoons H_2CO_3 \rightleftharpoons H^+ + HCO_3^-$ occurs in the cerebrospinal fluid, catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase. [Per the Law of Mass Action].
- Signal Transmission: The increase in $H^+$ ions triggers central chemoreceptors, which send excitatory impulses to the medulla.
- Effector Response: The medulla increases the rate of signal discharge via the phrenic and intercostal nerves to the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
- Restoration: Increased rate and depth of ventilation promote $CO_2$ exhalation, effectively returning blood $pH$ and $pCO_2$ to physiological set points.
Final Solution: Respiration is regulated by the respiratory rhythm center in the medulla, modulated by the pneumotaxic center in the pons, and fine-tuned by chemoreceptors that respond primarily to arterial $pCO_2$ and $H^+$ ion concentrations to maintain homeostasis.
More Questions from Class 11 Biology Breathing and Exchange of Gases EXERCISES
- Q1: Define vital capacity. What is its significance?
- Q2: State the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal breathing.
- Q3: Diffusion of gases occurs in the alveolar region only and not in the other parts of respiratory system. Why?
- Q4: What are the major transport mechanisms for $CO_2$? Explain.
- Q5: What will be the $pO_2$ and $pCO_2$ in the atmospheric air compared to those in the alveolar air ?
- Q6: Explain the process of inspiration under normal conditions.
- Q8: What is the effect of $pCO_2$ on oxygen transport?
- Q9: What happens to the respiratory process in a man going up a hill?
- Q10: What is the site of gaseous exchange in an insect?
- Q11: Define oxygen dissociation curve. Can you suggest any reason for its sigmoidal pattern?
- Q12: Have you heard about hypoxia? Try to gather information about it, and discuss with your friends.
- Q13(a): Distinguish between (a) IRV and ERV
- Q13(b): Distinguish between (b) Inspiratory capacity and Expiratory capacity.
- Q13(c): Distinguish between (c) Vital capacity and Total lung capacity.
- Q14: What is Tidal volume? Find out the Tidal volume (approximate value) for a healthy human in an hour.
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Breathing and Exchange of Gases
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Biology
- The Living World
- Biological Classification
- Plant Kingdom
- Animal Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Cell Cycle and Division
- Transport in Plants
- Mineral Nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration in Plants
- Plant Growth and Development
- Digestion and Absorption
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Excretory Products and Elimination
- Locomotion and Movement
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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