Sasirekha

A complement is a word or group of words that completes the meaning of a sentence. Complements are essential for providing additional information about the subject or object of a sentence. There are two main types of complements: subject complements and object complements

Subject Complement: A subject complement follows a linking verb (such as "be," "seem," "become," or "appear") and provides more information about the subject. The most common type of subject complement is a predicate nominative or predicate noun, which renames or identifies the subject. Another type is a predicate adjective, which describes or qualifies the subject.

Examples: She is a doctor. (Predicate nominative), The flowers smell sweet. (Predicate adjective)

Object Complement: An object complement follows and modifies the direct object of a verb. It provides additional information about the direct object, specifying its state or identifying it. Like subject complements, object complements can be nouns or adjectives.

Examples: We elected her president. (Noun object complement),  They painted the house red. (Adjective object complement)

set of rules and principles that govern the structure, composition, and usage of the English language. It encompasses the way words are combined to form sentences, how sentences are structured, and how different elements of language—such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and more—function within the framework of communication. Understanding English grammar is crucial for effective communication and writing.

The order in which one should study English grammar can vary based on individual preferences and learning styles. However, a common and systematic approach often begins with foundational concepts and progresses to more advanced topics.Suggested order can be -

1. Parts of Speech:  Understanding the basic building blocks of language, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
2. Sentence Structure: Learn about sentence elements such as subjects, predicates, objects, clauses, and phrases. Understand how these elements come together to form grammatically correct sentences.
3. Tenses: Studying verb tenses, including present, past, and future tenses, as well as perfect and continuous forms. Understanding tenses is crucial for expressing the timing of actions.
4. Articles and Determiners:  Use of articles (a, an, the) and other determiners that provide information about nouns.
5. Pronouns: various types of pronouns, including personal, demonstrative, relative, reflexive, and possessive pronouns.
6. Modifiers: Learning about adjectives and adverbs, their placement, and their roles in modifying nouns and verbs.
7. Active and Passive Voice: Understanding the difference between active and passive voice constructions and learn how to use them appropriately.
8. Direct and Indirect Speech: Studying the rules for reporting speech, including direct and indirect speech.
9. Conditionals: Exploring conditional sentences, including the different types (zero, first, second, third conditionals) and how they express hypothetical situations.
10. Relative Clauses: Learning how to form and use relative clauses to add information to sentences.
11. Modal Verbs: Studying modal verbs (can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must) and their various uses.
12. Gerunds and Infinitives: Understanding the use of gerunds and infinitives as verb forms and their roles in sentences.
13. Conjunctions and Connectors: Exploring different types of conjunctions and connectors to connect ideas within sentences and paragraphs.
14. Punctuation: Knowing the rules of punctuation, including commas, semicolons, colons, apostrophes, and quotation marks.
15. Advanced Grammar Concepts: subjunctive mood, conditional perfect, and other complex sentence structures.

Only regular consistent practice of reading, writing and listening can make one understand the grammar properly. Join my Spoken English class to make it more fun to learning them.

English vocabulary evolves over time through a dynamic and decentralized process. It is not invented by a single individual or authority but rather emerges through contributions from various sources. Here are some key factors influencing the development of English vocabulary:

1. Word Formation:

   • New words are formed through various processes such as compounding (combining existing words), affixation (adding prefixes or suffixes), and blending (combining parts of two words).

2. Borrowing:

   • English often borrows words from other languages, a process known as loanwords. This can happen due to cultural exchange, trade, or technological advancements.

3. Invention and Innovation:

   • Advances in technology, science, and culture lead to the creation of new concepts and inventions, requiring the development of new words to describe them.

4. Popular Culture:

   • Words and phrases often emerge from popular culture, including music, movies, literature, and social media. Slang and informal language also play a role in shaping vocabulary.

5. Lexicographers:

   • Lexicographers, or dictionary editors, play a role in documenting and cataloging words. They monitor language trends and incorporate new words into dictionaries based on their usage.

6. Language Users:

   • Everyday language users contribute significantly to vocabulary development. As people communicate, they create and adopt new words, phrases, and meanings.

7. Standardization:

   • Institutions like dictionaries, language academies, and style guides provide a level of standardization by recognizing and formalizing the usage of certain words.

8. Globalization:

   • Global interactions and cultural exchanges, facilitated by international communication and travel, contribute to the incorporation of words from various languages into English.

While no one individual invents English vocabulary, the language's richness and diversity arise from the collective contributions of its speakers and the dynamic nature of linguistic evolution. Lexicographers and language scholars play a role in documenting and codifying this evolving vocabulary.