Akash Mhaske

Two Stroke Engine: In a two stroke engine, there is a power stroke in every rotation of the crank shaft since the thermodynamic cycle is completed in two strokes of the piston. Because of the above reason, the turning moment is more uniform. So a lighter fly wheel is used in the case of a two stroke engine. Because of the ability to obtain a power stroke in each rotation of the crank shaft, the power produced is twice compared to four stroke engine if the size is same. There are no valve system provided for two stroke engine, This made the working and design simpler. Due to the absence of valve system and light weight, the initial production cost of two strike engine is low. In the case of two stroke engine, the volumetric efficiency is less due to lesser time for induction. Here, thermal efficiency is lower and part load efficiency is poorer. There is chance for incomplete burning due to short circuiting and so causes environmental pollution. These internal combustion engines are used where low cost, compactness and light weight are important considerations. Examples are in scooters, motor cycles, etc.. Four Stroke Engine: In a four stroke engine, there is only a power stroke in every two rotations of the crank shaft since the thermodynamic cycle is completed in four strokes of the piston. Because of the above reason, the turning moment is less uniform. So a heavier fly wheel is used in the case of a four stroke engine. Because of the production of only a power stroke in each two rotations of the crank shaft, the power produced is half compared to two stroke engine if the size is same. There is valve system provided for four stroke engine. This made the working and design of this engine complex. Due to the presence of valve system and increased weight, the initial production cost of four strike engines is high. In the case of four stroke engine, the volumetric efficiency is high due to larger time for induction. Here, thermal efficiency is higher and part load efficiency is better. There is less chance for incomplete burning and so less chances for environmental pollution. These engines are used where efficiency is important. Examples are in cars, buses, trucks, etc..

Project is temporary in that it has a defined beginning and end in time, and therefore defined scope and resources. And a project is unique in that it is not a routine operation, but a specific set of operations designed to accomplish a singular goal. So, a project team often includes people who don’t usually work together – sometimes from different organizations and across multiple geographies. The development of software for an improved business process, the construction of a building or bridge, the relief effort after a natural disaster, the expansion of sales into a new geographic market — all are projects. And all must be expertly managed to deliver the on-time, on-budget results, learning and integration that organizations need. Project management, then, is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements.