Dr. Ankita J.

Giving food grains to the poor or distributing clothes cannot be the permanent solution to the problem of poverty rather the poverty can be removed when the poor start earning for themselves and also contribute to the growth of the nation.

This is possible by providing income-generating assets to the poor. The creation of income earning or generating assets will generate employment opportunities and it will be possible for the poor to raise their income, which will be helpful in improving their living standards and can also be helpful in solving the problem of poverty of the country.

There are great regional differences in educational attainment in India. Some states like Kerala Tamil Nadu and Uttaranchal have higher literally rates. While states like Bihar Rajasthan UP (Uttar Pradesh) Arunachal Pradesh has low literacy rates. This is due to inequalities in income and wealth on large scale also a lack of investment by the Government in education. 1. The people of these states give less importance to education and are mainly employed in the agricultural sector or informal sector which has very little to do with education. 2. The people among these states suffer due to a lack of proper incentives for educational development. 3. The Government focuses more on metropolitan cities rather than the rural backward areas. 4. Availability of resources In India there are wide disparities in states in terms of availability of resources, availability of schools, colleges, awareness for education, etc. Hence this is also one of the reasons responsible for the present regional differences in educational attainment. 5. Lack of proper implementation of Government policies. In some the states of India either the benefits of Government policies on education do not reach or if they reach, there is a lack of proper implementation. Consequently, the children of these states are deprived of even elementary education.

ICMR (Indian Council for Medical Research): This organization formulates the rules and regulations relating to education and research in the health sector. v. National Institute of Health and Family Welfare: This organization is responsible for the promotion of health and family welfare programs.

Organizations that regulate the education sector: The ministries of education at the union and state level. National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT)

Obstacles that hinder the mechanism of agricultural marketing are as follows :
(i) More middlemen: There is a large number of middlemen between the farmers and the final consumers. Therefore, the middlemen get the maximum benefit but the farmers get the minimum.

(ii) Lack of storage facilities: There is a lack of good storage facilities for the farmers to keep their produce safe. The storage facilities avail¬able in villages are very poor. About 10% to 20% of the produce is destroyed by rats.
(iii) Bad condition of rural transport: The transport conditions in rural areas are very bad. Most
of the rural roads are not metalled. These are
useless in rainy seasons. Even the rich farmers are not interested to carry their surplus produce to the mandis.
(iv) Lack of knowledge of the market: The farmers don’t have the knowledge of the demand and supply of their products in the market. They depend upon the information supplied by the intermediaries. This information is always in favor of mandis or the market. As a result, the farmers cannot get a reasonable price for their produce.

The economic policies developed by the British government in India were aimed at creating India as a supplier of Britain’s growing industries. The policies were targeted towards the development of Britain and boosting its economic status. India and its growth were completely ignored. Due to such policies, India became a supplier of raw materials and a market for finished goods from Britain. The impact of such a policy in India is as follows: 1. Indian economy witnessed very low economic growth. Studies reveal that the economy was growing at a speed of two percent during the periods 1900- 1950. The British government was more interested in maintaining and developing the economy of Britain. British rule ruined the agriculture sector and handicrafts and transformed India into a supplier of raw materials. 2. Indian agriculture system was not developed before independence, it was following old techniques and it was majorly affected by the colonial rule when the farmers were instructed to grow commercial crops instead of food grains. These commercial crops like cotton and indigo were used in industries in Britain for manufacturing textile. The peasants did not get any monetary benefit from growing these crops and hence no economic development happened. 3. The British have programmed systematic deindustrialization by leading to the downfall of the handicraft industry and with the lack of investment, other industries also failed to develop. Imposing heavy export tariffs on Indian-made goods led to a decrease in demand in the international market that ultimately led to the collapse of the handicraft industry. 4. The money that Indian goods earned from foreign trade was not invested in the Indian economy, it was used for managing the British army and expanding their colonial reach across Asia.