Learn NCERT Exercise 2 with Free Lessons & Tips

(a) Yeast is used in the production of

(i) sugar (ii) alcohol&mnTick;

(iii) hydrochloric acid (iv) oxygen

(b) The following is an antibiotic

(i) sodium bicarbonate (ii) streptomycin&mnTick;

(iii) alcohol (iv) yeast

(c) Carrier of malaria-causing protozoan is

(i) female Anopheles mosquito&mnTick; (ii) cockroach

(iii) housefly (iv) butterfly

(d)The most common carrier of communicable diseases is

(i) ant (ii) housefly&mnTick;

(iii) dragonfly (iv) spider

(e)The bread or idli dough rises because of

(i) heat (ii) grinding

(iii) growth of yeast cells&mnTick; (iv) kneading

(f) The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol is called

(i) nitrogen fixation (ii) moulding

(iii) fermentation&mnTick; (iv) infection

Micro-organisms are too small to be seen through bare eyes. They can be seen with the help of a magnifying glass or microscope.

For example, fungus that grows on bread is so small that it can be seen only with the help of a magnifying glass or microscope.

There are five major groups of micro-organisms:

(i) Bacteria − They are single celled disease-causing micro-organisms. They can be spiral or rod- shaped.

(ii) Fungi − They are mostly multicellular disease-causing microbes. Bread moulds are common examples of fungi.

(iii) Protozoa − They mainly include organisms such as Amoeba, Plasmodium,etc. They can be unicellular or multicellular.

(iv) Algae − They include multicellular, photosynthetic organisms such as Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, etc.

Bacteria such as Rhizobium and certain blue-green algae present in the soil can fix atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into usable nitrogenous compounds. These nitrogenous compounds can be easily utilized by plants for the synthesis of plant proteins and other compounds.

Micro-organisms are too small to be seen through bare eyes. However, they are vital to plants and the environment.

Importance of micro-organisms:

They are used in winemaking, baking, pickling, and other food making processes.

Alcoholic fermentation by yeast is widely used in the preparation of wine and bread. A bacterium Lactobacillus, promotes the formation of curd.

Microbes are used to reduce pollution. For example, decomposers such as bacteria and fungi break down dead bodies and excreta to form inorganic compounds, which can be absorbed by plants.

They are used to increase the soil fertility by fixing the atmospheric nitrogen with the help of bacterium Rhizobium and some other blue-green algae.

Microbes also play an important role in the preparation of medicines. Antibiotics are chemicals produced by micro-organisms to kill bacteria. Streptomycin, for example, is an antibiotic.

Certain microbes are also used in the biological treatment of sewage and industrial effluents.

Harmful effects of micro-organisms:

Micro-organisms cause diseases in animals. For example, in humans, bacteria cause diseases such as tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid, etc. In cattle, the foot and mouth disease is caused by a virus. Also, several microbes cause diseases in plants. For example, the productivity of wheat, orange, apple, etc. is reduced due to microbial diseases in plants. Certain microbes, on entering into our body, produce toxic substances. This leads to food poisoning. Some micro-organisms such as fungus spoil our food. For example, bread when left unused under moist conditions gets spoilt by fungus, producing a white cotton-like growth on the bread.