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In each of the following cases, determine the direction cosines of the normal to the plane and the distance from the origin.
(a)z = 2 (b) 
(c) 
(d)5y + 8 = 0
(a) The equation of the plane is z = 2 or 0x + 0y + z = 2 … (1)
The direction ratios of normal are 0, 0, and 1.
∴ 
Dividing both sides of equation (1) by 1, we obtain
This is of the form lx + my + nz = d, where l, m, n are the direction cosines of normal to the plane and d is the distance of the perpendicular drawn from the origin.
Therefore, the direction cosines are 0, 0, and 1 and the distance of the plane from the origin is 2 units.
(b) x + y + z = 1 … (1)
The direction ratios of normal are 1, 1, and 1.
∴ 
Dividing both sides of equation (1) by
, we obtain
This equation is of the form lx + my + nz = d, where l, m, n are the direction cosines of normal to the plane and d is the distance of normal from the origin.
Therefore, the direction cosines of the normal are 
and the distance of normal from the origin is 
units.
(c) 2x + 3y − z = 5 … (1)
The direction ratios of normal are 2, 3, and −1.
Dividing both sides of equation (1) by 
, we obtain
This equation is of the form lx + my + nz = d, where l, m, n are the direction cosines of normal to the plane and d is the distance of normal from the origin.
Therefore, the direction cosines of the normal to the plane are 
and the distance of normal from the origin is 
units.
(d) 5y + 8 = 0
⇒ 0x − 5y + 0z = 8 … (1)
The direction ratios of normal are 0, −5, and 0.
Dividing both sides of equation (1) by 5, we obtain
This equation is of the form lx + my + nz = d, where l, m, n are the direction cosines of normal to the plane and d is the distance of normal from the origin.
Therefore, the direction cosines of the normal to the plane are 0, −1, and 0 and the distance of normal from the origin is 
units.
Find the vector equation of a plane which is at a distance of 7 units from the origin and normal to the vector
.
The normal vector is, 
It is known that the equation of the plane with position vector 
is given by, 
This is the vector equation of the required plane.
Find the Cartesian equation of the following planes:
(a) 
(b) 
(c) 
(a) It is given that equation of the plane is
For any arbitrary point P (x, y, z) on the plane, position vector 
is given by, 
Substituting the value of in equation (1), we obtain
This is the Cartesian equation of the plane.
(b) 
For any arbitrary point P (x, y, z) on the plane, position vector is given by,
Substituting the value of in equation (1), we obtain
This is the Cartesian equation of the plane.
(c) 
For any arbitrary point P (x, y, z) on the plane, position vector is given by,
Substituting the value of in equation (1), we obtain
This is the Cartesian equation of the given plane.
In the following cases, find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the origin.
(a) 
(b) 
(c) 
(d) 
(a) Let the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular P from the origin to the plane be (x1, y1, z1).
2x + 3y + 4z − 12 = 0
⇒ 2x + 3y + 4z = 12 … (1)
The direction ratios of normal are 2, 3, and 4.
Dividing both sides of equation (1) by 
, we obtain
This equation is of the form lx + my + nz = d, where l, m, n are the direction cosines of normal to the plane and d is the distance of normal from the origin.
The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are given by
(ld, md, nd).
Therefore, the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are 
(b) Let the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular P from the origin to the plane be (x1, y1, z1).
⇒ 
… (1)
The direction ratios of the normal are 0, 3, and 4.
Dividing both sides of equation (1) by 5, we obtain
This equation is of the form lx + my + nz = d, where l, m, n are the direction cosines of normal to the plane and d is the distance of normal from the origin.
The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are given by
(ld, md, nd).
Therefore, the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are
(c) Let the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular P from the origin to the plane be (x1, y1, z1).
… (1)
The direction ratios of the normal are 1, 1, and 1.
Dividing both sides of equation (1) by
, we obtain
This equation is of the form lx + my + nz = d, where l, m, n are the direction cosines of normal to the plane and d is the distance of normal from the origin.
The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are given by
(ld, md, nd).
Therefore, the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are
(d) Let the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular P from the origin to the plane be (x1, y1, z1).
⇒ 0x − 5y + 0z = 8 … (1)
The direction ratios of the normal are 0, −5, and 0.
Dividing both sides of equation (1) by 5, we obtain
This equation is of the form lx + my + nz = d, where l, m, n are the direction cosines of normal to the plane and d is the distance of normal from the origin.
The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are given by
(ld, md, nd).
Therefore, the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are
Find the vector and Cartesian equation of the planes
(a) that passes through the point (1, 0, −2) and the normal to the plane is 
.
(b) that passes through the point (1, 4, 6) and the normal vector to the plane is 
.
(a) The position vector of point (1, 0, −2) is 
The normal vector 
perpendicular to the plane is 
The vector equation of the plane is given by, 
is the position vector of any point P (x, y, z) in the plane.
Therefore, equation (1) becomes
This is the Cartesian equation of the required plane.
(b) The position vector of the point (1, 4, 6) is 
The normal vector perpendicular to the plane is 
The vector equation of the plane is given by,
is the position vector of any point P (x, y, z) in the plane.
Therefore, equation (1) becomes
This is the Cartesian equation of the required plane.
Find the equations of the planes that passes through three points.
(a) (1, 1, −1), (6, 4, −5), (−4, −2, 3)
(b) (1, 1, 0), (1, 2, 1), (−2, 2, −1)
(a) The given points are A (1, 1, −1), B (6, 4, −5), and C (−4, −2, 3).
Since A, B, C are collinear points, there will be infinite number of planes passing through the given points.
(b) The given points are A (1, 1, 0), B (1, 2, 1), and C (−2, 2, −1).
Therefore, a plane will pass through the points A, B, and C.
It is known that the equation of the plane through the points, 
, and 
, is
This is the Cartesian equation of the required plane.
Find the intercepts cut off by the plane
Dividing both sides of equation (1) by 5, we obtain
It is known that the equation of a plane in intercept form is 
, where a, b, c are the intercepts cut off by the plane at x, y, and z axes respectively.
Therefore, for the given equation,
Thus, the intercepts cut off by the plane are
.
Find the equation of the plane with intercept 3 on the y-axis and parallel to ZOX plane.
The equation of the plane ZOX is
y = 0
Any plane parallel to it is of the form, y = a
Since the y-intercept of the plane is 3,
∴ a = 3
Thus, the equation of the required plane is y = 3
Find the equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes 
and 
and the point (2, 2, 1)
The equation of any plane through the intersection of the planes,
3x − y + 2z − 4 = 0 and x + y + z − 2 = 0, is
The plane passes through the point (2, 2, 1). Therefore, this point will satisfy equation (1).
Substituting 
in equation (1), we obtain
This is the required equation of the plane.
Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes 
and through the point (2, 1, 3)
The equations of the planes are 
The equation of any plane through the intersection of the planes given in equations (1) and (2) is given by,
, where
The plane passes through the point (2, 1, 3). Therefore, its position vector is given by,
Substituting in equation (3), we obtain
Substituting 
in equation (3), we obtain
This is the vector equation of the required plane.
Find the equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the planes 
and 
which is perpendicular to the plane 
The equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes, and , is
The direction ratios, a1, b1, c1, of this plane are (2λ + 1), (3λ + 1), and (4λ + 1).
The plane in equation (1) is perpendicular to
Its direction ratios, a2, b2, c2, are 1, −1, and 1.
Since the planes are perpendicular,
Substituting 
in equation (1), we obtain
This is the required equation of the plane.
Find the angle between the planes whose vector equations are
and 
.
The equations of the given planes are 
and 
It is known that if 
and 
are normal to the planes, 
and 
, then the angle between them, Q, is given by,
Here, 
Substituting the value of
, 
in equation (1), we obtain
In the following cases, determine whether the given planes are parallel or perpendicular, and in case they are neither, find the angles between them.
(a) 
(b) 
(c) 
(d) 
(e) 
The direction ratios of normal to the plane,
, are a1, b1, c1 and 
.
The angle between L1 and L2 is given by,
(a) The equations of the planes are 7x + 5y + 6z + 30 = 0 and
3x − y − 10z + 4 = 0
Here, a1 = 7, b1 =5, c1 = 6
Therefore, the given planes are not perpendicular.
It can be seen that, 
Therefore, the given planes are not parallel.
The angle between them is given by,
(b) The equations of the planes are 
and 
Here, 
and 
Thus, the given planes are perpendicular to each other.
(c) The equations of the given planes are 
and 
Here, 
and 
Thus, the given planes are not perpendicular to each other.
∴ 
Thus, the given planes are parallel to each other.
(d) The equations of the planes are 
and 
Here, 
and 
∴ 
Thus, the given lines are parallel to each other.
(e) The equations of the given planes are 
and 
Here, 
and 
Therefore, the given lines are not perpendicular to each other.
∴
Therefore, the given lines are not parallel to each other.
The angle between the planes is given by,
In the following cases, find the distance of each of the given points from the corresponding given plane.
Point Plane
(a) (0, 0, 0) 
(b) (3, −2, 1) 
(c) (2, 3, −5) 
(d) (−6, 0, 0) 
It is known that the distance between a point, p(x1, y1, z1), and a plane, Ax + By + Cz = D, is given by,
(a) The given point is (0, 0, 0) and the plane is
(b) The given point is (3, − 2, 1) and the plane is
∴
(c) The given point is (2, 3, −5) and the plane is
(d) The given point is (−6, 0, 0) and the plane is
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