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What is learning?

Learning: (1) Change is permanent (2) change occurs because of experience

Learning may be defined as “any relatively permanent change in behaviour or behavioural potential produced by experience”.

Changes due to practice and experience, which are relatively permanent, are illustrative of learning.

What are the features of Learning?

(i) Learning always involves some kind of experience. For instance, a child gets lost at a place on leaving the hands of the parents, would learn not to leave the hand of elders the next time.

(ii) Behavioural changes that occur due to learning are relatively permanent and are different from temporary behavioural changes caused by habituation, drugs or fatigue. For example, feeling tired after studying is a temporary change and does not involve learning.

(iii) Learning is an inferred process that involves a series of psychological events. It is also different from a performance.

What are the paradigms of learning?

Learning takes place in many ways. The simplest kind of learning is called conditioning. There are two types of Conditioning.

The first one is called classical conditioning, and the second instrumental/operant conditioning. In addition, we have observational learning, cognitive learning, verbal learning, concept learning, and skill learning.

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Manmohan Singh vs Modi

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Manmohan Singh and Narendra Modi are both prominent political figures in India, but they represent different eras and hold distinct ideologies. Here's a comparison of the two:

Leadership Style:

Manmohan Singh: He served as the Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014. Singh was known for his calm and soft-spoken demeanor. He was often seen as an economist-turned-politician who relied on his expertise in economic matters.

Narendra Modi: He has been serving as the Prime Minister of India since 2014. Modi is known for his charismatic and dynamic leadership style. He has emphasized strong governance and a hands-on approach to policy implementation.

Economic Policies:

Manmohan Singh: Singh's tenure was marked by economic reforms and liberalization measures. He implemented policies aimed at promoting economic growth and attracting foreign investment, such as the Goods and Services Tax (GST) and the New Direct Tax Code. However, his government faced criticism for issues like corruption and a perceived lack of action in addressing economic inequalities.

Narendra Modi: Modi's government has also focused on economic reforms, with initiatives like the introduction of the GST and the "Make in India" campaign to boost manufacturing. He has promoted initiatives such as Digital India and Startup India to encourage entrepreneurship and innovation. However, there have been debates about the effectiveness of certain policies and concerns about job creation.

Foreign Policy:

Manmohan Singh: Singh's foreign policy approach was generally focused on maintaining strong relations with neighboring countries and promoting regional cooperation. He prioritized improving ties with the United States and engaging with other major powers. Singh also played a key role in the signing of the civil nuclear agreement with the United States.

Narendra Modi: Modi has pursued an assertive foreign policy, aiming to raise India's global standing. He has emphasized bilateral engagements with major powers and actively promoted initiatives such as the International Solar Alliance and the Act East Policy. Modi has also focused on strengthening relations with neighboring countries, but his approach has been more proactive and vocal compared to Singh.

Social Issues:

Manmohan Singh: During Singh's tenure, issues such as poverty alleviation, education, and social welfare received attention. The Right to Information Act and the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act were implemented to enhance transparency and provide employment opportunities.

Narendra Modi: Modi has emphasized several social welfare programs, such as the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (financial inclusion), Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (cleanliness campaign), and Ayushman Bharat (universal health coverage). He has also focused on initiatives like Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (girl child welfare) and promoting renewable energy.

It's important to note that this is a general comparison, and the political landscapes and challenges faced by both leaders have varied. Individual opinions on their effectiveness and impact may differ based on personal and political perspectives.

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Manmohan Singh vs Modi.  Who is better?

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Determining who is better between Manmohan Singh and Narendra Modi is subjective and depends on individual perspectives and priorities. Different people may have different opinions based on their political beliefs, ideologies, and evaluation of each leader's accomplishments. Here are a few factors to consider when forming an opinion:

Economic Performance: Manmohan Singh's tenure saw significant economic reforms and liberalization, contributing to high GDP growth rates. On the other hand, Narendra Modi's government has also focused on economic reforms and initiatives like "Make in India" and digitalization. The assessment of economic performance could depend on factors such as job creation, inequality reduction, and overall economic stability.

Governance and Leadership: Manmohan Singh was often seen as a technocrat with expertise in economics, while Narendra Modi is known for his charismatic leadership style. The evaluation of leadership qualities may vary based on factors like decision-making, crisis management, and effective implementation of policies.

Social Welfare and Development: Both leaders have focused on social welfare programs, albeit with different approaches. Manmohan Singh's government emphasized initiatives like the Right to Information Act and employment guarantee schemes, while Modi's government has implemented programs like Jan Dhan Yojana and Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. The assessment of social development could depend on factors such as inclusivity, impact on marginalized communities, and sustainability of welfare programs.

Foreign Policy: Manmohan Singh's foreign policy approach aimed at regional cooperation and engaging major powers, while Narendra Modi's foreign policy has focused on raising India's global standing and bilateral engagements. The evaluation of foreign policy may depend on factors such as diplomatic achievements, strengthening international alliances, and promoting national interests.

Ultimately, determining who is better is a complex and subjective assessment that depends on individual priorities and perceptions. It's important to consider multiple aspects of leadership, policy, and governance to form an informed opinion.

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Can congress win against Modi

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As an AI language model, I cannot predict future political outcomes or election results. The success of any political party, including the Indian National Congress, in winning against Narendra Modi or any other party or leader depends on various factors, including the political landscape, public sentiment, campaign strategies, candidate selection, and prevailing issues during the election period.

It's worth noting that electoral outcomes are influenced by a multitude of factors, including regional dynamics, voter preferences, party organization, and the performance of the incumbent government. Political scenarios can change over time, and public opinion can shift, leading to unexpected results in elections.

The Congress party has a long history in Indian politics and has won several elections in the past. However, the electoral landscape is dynamic, and the popularity and performance of political parties can change over time.

Ultimately, the outcome of any election depends on the choices made by voters and the democratic process in place

2019 Indian Elections Summary

The general elections in India in 2019 were held to elect the 17th Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. The elections were conducted in seven phases from April 11 to May 19, 2019. It was one of the largest democratic exercises in the world, with over 900 million eligible voters.

The major political parties that participated in the 2019 elections were the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the Indian National Congress (INC), and several regional parties. The BJP, led by Narendra Modi, sought re-election after winning a majority in the previous 2014 elections.

Key highlights of the 2019 Indian general elections:

Narendra Modi and the BJP campaigned on the promise of development, national security, and various welfare schemes implemented during their tenure.

The Indian National Congress, led by Rahul Gandhi, aimed to challenge the BJP's governance and policies, highlighting issues such as unemployment and agrarian distress.

Other regional parties like the Trinamool Congress, Bahujan Samaj Party, Samajwadi Party, and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam also contested in different states.

The Election Commission of India deployed electronic voting machines (EVMs) for the elections, allowing for a more efficient and transparent voting process.

Social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook played a significant role in political campaigns, with parties using these platforms to connect with voters and disseminate information.

Voter turnout for the 2019 elections was approximately 67.4%, higher than the 2014 elections.

The BJP emerged as the single largest party, securing 303 out of 543 seats in the Lok Sabha. This victory led to Narendra Modi's second term as Prime Minister of India.

The Indian National Congress won 52 seats, while various regional parties and independent candidates secured the remaining seats.

The 2019 Indian general elections had significant implications for the country's political landscape, marking the re-election of Narendra Modi and the BJP to power.Singh vs Modi

• Parliament should work for longer period.

I agree with the above proposal that parliament should work for a longer period. There are a large number of issues that require debate and legislation and these are delayed sometimes because the parliament is not in session. To overcome this, the parliament needs to work for a longer time.

• Attendance should be made compulsory for members of Parliament.

I agree with this proposal as compulsory attendance would lead to presence of members for crucial decisions that require the support of majority. It would also encourage presentation of views across the political spectrum.

• Speakers should be empowered to penalise members for interrupting the proceedings of the House.

I agree with this proposal as penalising members for interrupting the proceedings of house would lead to less wastage of time and maintain the dignity of the Parliament. This would also lead to less wastage of the tax payers’ money that is incurred to run the parliament. However, it should not lead to suppression of dissent.

Romans were the first to take the modern step and some basic features of roman society and economy that looked quite modern were, the idea of public bath seem modern, Roman slavery was part of the Roman families, the architecture of the Roman empire is very modern and the idea of life too.

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The main features of their lives are as follows: Their social organization was based on independent tribes. They were camel pastoralists and moved with their animals from oases to oases. Date palm and camel milk were their main diet.

i) The Muslim states began to adopt a harsher attitude towards their Christian subjects.

ii) There was a great increase in the influence of Italian mercantile communities in the trade between the east and the west.

iii) Power of Europeans feudal lords decrease and there was a decline of feudalism in Europe.