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Q18:
Two events A and B will be independent, if

Solution :

Theoretical Foundation of Independent Events

Two events $A$ and $B$ associated with the same sample space are defined as independent if the occurrence of one event does not affect the probability of the occurrence of the other event. Mathematically, this is expressed through the conditional probability definition.

Step 1: Deriving the Condition for Independence

Per the definition of conditional probability, the probability of event $A$ occurring given that event $B$ has occurred is given by:

$P(A|B) = \frac{P(A \cap B)}{P(B)}$, where $P(B) > 0$ [By the Definition of Conditional Probability]

For events $A$ and $B$ to be independent, the occurrence of $B$ must not alter the probability of $A$. Thus, we must have:

$P(A|B) = P(A)$ [Definition of Independence]

Step 2: Algebraic Equivalence

Equating the two expressions for $P(A|B)$:

$P(A) = \frac{P(A \cap B)}{P(B)}$

$P(A) \cdot P(B) = P(A \cap B)$ [By the Multiplication Rule for Independent Events]

Visual Representation of Probability Space

A B A ∩ B Sample Space S

Analytical Summary of Independent Conditions

Events $A$ and $B$ are independent if and only if any of the following equivalent conditions are satisfied:

Condition Type Mathematical Expression
Joint Probability $P(A \cap B) = P(A) \cdot P(B)$
Conditional (A given B) $P(A|B) = P(A)$
Conditional (B given A) $P(B|A) = P(B)$

Final Solution: Two events $A$ and $B$ are independent if $P(A \cap B) = P(A) \cdot P(B)$.


More Questions from Class 12 Mathematics Probability EXERCISE 13.2


CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Mathematics Probability


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