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Q3:
Why is the offspring formed by asexual reproduction referred to as clone?
Solution :
Initial Biological Setup: The Modality of Asexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction is fundamentally characterized by the participation of a single parent organism in the creation of new progeny. This process bypasses the formation of haploid gametes and their subsequent fusion, relying entirely on somatic cell division pathways.
Step 1: The Cellular Mechanism (Mitosis)
In asexually reproducing organisms, cell division occurs exclusively via mitosis (or binary fission in prokaryotes). During the S-phase of the cell cycle, the parental DNA is replicated with exceptionally high fidelity. When the cell divides, identical sister chromatids are separated into the newly forming daughter cells.
[Per the principles of eukaryotic cell division, mitosis results in daughter cells that possess an exact chromosomal match to the parent cell, maintaining the specific ploidy, e.g., $2n \rightarrow 2n$ or $n \rightarrow n$].
Step 2: The Absence of Genetic Recombination
Sexual reproduction introduces genetic variation through two primary mechanisms:
- Crossing Over: Exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during the pachytene stage of Prophase-I in meiosis.
- Syngamy: The random fusion of two distinct gametes (fertilization) to form a zygote.
Step 3: Morphological and Genetic Equivalency
Due to the exclusive reliance on mitotic division and the absence of genetic recombination, the offspring produced are exact phenotypic and genotypic replicas of the single parent. Furthermore, sibling offspring produced from the same parent are identical to one another.
In biological sciences, the specific terminology used to describe a population of individuals that are both morphologically (structurally/physically) and genetically (at the DNA sequence level) identical to one another and to their parent is a clone.
Visual Representation: Binary Fission Resulting in Clones
Final Summary
Final Solution: The offspring formed by asexual reproduction are referred to as clones because they are produced by a single parent through somatic (mitotic) cell division without the occurrence of genetic recombination (meiosis) or gametic fusion. As a direct result, these offspring are morphologically and genetically indistinguishable from both their parent and their siblings, strictly fulfilling the biological definition of a clone.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Reproduction in Organisms EXERCISES
- Q1: Why is reproduction essential for organisms?
- Q1: Why is reproduction essential for organisms?
- Q2: Which is a better mode of reproduction: sexual or asexual? Why?
- Q2: Which is a better mode of reproduction: sexual or asexual? Why?
- Q3: Why is the offspring formed by asexual reproduction referred to as clone?
- Q4: Offspring formed due to sexual reproduction have better chances of survival. Why? Is this statement always true?
- Q4: Offspring formed due to sexual reproduction have better chances of survival. Why? Is this statement always true?
- Q5: How does the progeny formed from asexual reproduction differ from those formed by sexual reproduction?
- Q5: How does the progeny formed from asexual reproduction differ from those formed by sexual reproduction?
- Q6: Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction. Why is vegetative reproduction also considered as a type of asexual reproduction?
- Q6: Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction. Why is vegetative reproduction also considered as a type of asexual reproduction?
- Q7: What is vegetative propagation? Give two suitable examples.
- Q7: What is vegetative propagation? Give two suitable examples.
- Q8(a): Define (a) Juvenile phase,
- Q8(a): Define (a) Juvenile phase,
- Q8(b): Define (b) Reproductive phase,
- Q8(b): Define (b) Reproductive phase,
- Q8(c): Define (c) Senescent phase.
- Q8(c): Define (c) Senescent phase.
- Q9: Higher organisms have resorted to sexual reproduction in spite of its complexity. Why?
- Q9: Higher organisms have resorted to sexual reproduction in spite of its complexity. Why?
- Q10: Explain why meiosis and gametogenesis are always interlinked?
- Q10: Explain why meiosis and gametogenesis are always interlinked?
- Q11(a): Identify each part in a flowering plant and write whether it is haploid (\(n\)) or diploid (\(2n\)). (a) Ovary ———————————
- Q11(a): Identify each part in a flowering plant and write whether it is haploid ((n)) or diploid ((2n)). (a) Ovary ———————————
- Q11(b): Identify each part in a flowering plant and write whether it is haploid (\(n\)) or diploid (\(2n\)). (b) Anther ———————————
- Q11(b): Identify each part in a flowering plant and write whether it is haploid ((n)) or diploid ((2n)). (b) Anther ———————————
- Q11(c): Identify each part in a flowering plant and write whether it is haploid (\(n\)) or diploid (\(2n\)). (c) Egg ———————————
- Q11(c): Identify each part in a flowering plant and write whether it is haploid ((n)) or diploid ((2n)). (c) Egg ———————————
- Q11(d): Identify each part in a flowering plant and write whether it is haploid (\(n\)) or diploid (\(2n\)). (d) Pollen ———————————
- Q11(d): Identify each part in a flowering plant and write whether it is haploid ((n)) or diploid ((2n)). (d) Pollen ———————————
- Q11(e): Identify each part in a flowering plant and write whether it is haploid (\(n\)) or diploid (\(2n\)). (e) Male gamete ———————————
- Q11(e): Identify each part in a flowering plant and write whether it is haploid ((n)) or diploid ((2n)). (e) Male gamete ———————————
- Q11(f): Identify each part in a flowering plant and write whether it is haploid (\(n\)) or diploid (\(2n\)). (f) Zygote ———————————
- Q11(f): Identify each part in a flowering plant and write whether it is haploid ((n)) or diploid ((2n)). (f ) Zygote ———————————
- Q12: Define external fertilisation. Mention its disadvantages.
- Q12: Define external fertilisation. Mention its disadvantages.
- Q13: Differentiate between a zoospore and a zygote.
- Q13: Differentiate between a zoospore and a zygote.
- Q14: Differentiate between gametogenesis from embryogenesis.
- Q14: Differentiate between gametogenesis from embryogenesis.
- Q15: Describe the post-fertilisation changes in a flower.
- Q15: Describe the post-fertilisation changes in a flower.
- Q16: What is a bisexual flower? Collect five bisexual flowers from your neighbourhood and with the help of your teacher find out their common and scientific names.
- Q16: What is a bisexual flower? Collect five bisexual flowers from your neighbourhood and with the help of your teacher find out their common and scientific names.
- Q17: Examine a few flowers of any cucurbit plant and try to identify the staminate and pistillate flowers. Do you know any other plant that bears unisexual flowers?
- Q17: Examine a few flowers of any cucurbit plant and try to identify the staminate and pistillate flowers. Do you know any other plant that bears unisexual flowers?
- Q18: Why are offspring of oviparous animals at a greater risk as compared to offspring of viviparous animals?
- Q18: Why are offspring of oviparous animals at a greater risk as compared to offspring of viviparous animals?
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Reproduction in Organisms
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
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