Find the best tutors and institutes for Class 12 Tuition
Q14(d):
Briefly describe the following:
Bioinformatics
Solution :
1. Definition and Core Theoretical Foundation
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data, particularly when the data sets are large and complex. It functions as the nexus of Molecular Biology, Computer Science, Information Engineering, Mathematics, and Statistics.
In the context of the Molecular Basis of Inheritance, bioinformatics is primarily concerned with the storage, retrieval, analysis, and interpretation of biological sequences, such as nucleic acids ($DNA$, $RNA$) and protein sequences.
2. Key Functional Domains
The application of bioinformatics in modern genetics can be categorized into three sequential tiers:
- Data Storage and Curation: Creation of massive biological databases (e.g., NCBI GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ) to store genomic sequences and proteomic data.
- Computational Analysis: Use of algorithms to perform sequence alignment, motif discovery, and structural prediction of proteins.
- Systems Biology Interpretation: Integrating genomic data to understand metabolic pathways and gene regulatory networks [Per the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology].
3. Mathematical & Algorithmic Principles
Bioinformatics relies on advanced algorithms to compare sequences. The fundamental process involves dynamic programming to determine the "edit distance" or similarity score between two strands of nucleotides.
The sequence alignment score ($S$) is generally computed as:
$S = \sum (matches) - \sum (mismatches) - \sum (gaps)$
This allows scientists to deduce evolutionary relationships (phylogeny) and locate functional domains within a chromosome [By Principle of Homology].
4. Visualizing Sequence Alignment
5. Comparative Analytical Matrix
| Feature | Utility in Biology |
|---|---|
| Genomic Sequencing | Mapping entire genomes ($Human Genome Project$). |
| BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) | Comparing a query sequence against library databases. |
| Proteomics | Predicting 3D structures of proteins from primary amino acid sequences. |
6. Summary of Significance
Bioinformatics is indispensable for the Molecular Basis of Inheritance because the sheer volume of data generated by Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) cannot be processed by human cognition alone. It enables the identification of genetic variations, such as Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms ($SNPs$), which are critical for diagnosing hereditary diseases and developing personalized medical treatments [Per the principles of Pharmacogenomics].
Final Solution: Bioinformatics is the application of computational tools and statistical methods to manage, analyze, and interpret massive biological datasets, specifically enabling the mapping and functional annotation of DNA, RNA, and protein sequences within the field of genetics.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Molecular Basis of Inheritance EXERCISES
- Q1: Group the following as nitrogenous bases and nucleosides: Adenine, Cytidine, Thymine, Guanosine, Uracil and Cytosine.
- Q1: Group the following as nitrogenous bases and nucleosides: Adenine, Cytidine, Thymine, Guanosine, Uracil and Cytosine.
- Q2: If a double stranded DNA has 20 per cent of cytosine, calculate the per cent of adenine in the DNA.
- Q2: If a double stranded DNA has 20 per cent of cytosine, calculate the per cent of adenine in the DNA.
- Q3: If the sequence of one strand of DNA is written as follows: 5' -ATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGC-3' Write down the sequence of complementary strand in 5'\(\rightarrow\)3' direction.
- Q3: If the sequence of one strand of DNA is written as follows: 5' -ATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGC-3' Write down the sequence of complementary strand in 5'→3' direction.
- Q4: If the sequence of the coding strand in a transcription unit is written as follows: 5' -ATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGC-3' Write down the sequence of mRNA.
- Q4: If the sequence of the coding strand in a transcription unit is written as follows: 5' -ATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGC-3' Write down the sequence of mRNA.
- Q5: Which property of DNA double helix led Watson and Crick to hypothesise semi-conservative mode of DNA replication? Explain.
- Q5: Which property of DNA double helix led Watson and Crick to hypothesise semi-conservative mode of DNA replication? Explain.
- Q6: Depending upon the chemical nature of the template (DNA or RNA) and the nature of nucleic acids synthesised from it (DNA or RNA), list the types of nucleic acid polymerases.
- Q6: Depending upon the chemical nature of the template (DNA or RNA) and the nature of nucleic acids synthesised from it (DNA or RNA), list the types of nucleic acid polymerases.
- Q7: How did Hershey and Chase differentiate between DNA and protein in their experiment while proving that DNA is the genetic material?
- Q7: How did Hershey and Chase differentiate between DNA and protein in their experiment while proving that DNA is the genetic material?
- Q8(a): Differentiate between the followings: Repetitive DNA and Satellite DNA
- Q8(a): Differentiate between the followings: (a) Repetitive DNA and Satellite DNA
- Q8(b): Differentiate between the followings: mRNA and tRNA
- Q8(b): Differentiate between the followings: (b) mRNA and tRNA
- Q8(c): Differentiate between the followings: Template strand and Coding strand
- Q8(c): Differentiate between the followings: (c) Template strand and Coding strand
- Q9: List two essential roles of ribosome during translation.
- Q9: List two essential roles of ribosome during translation.
- Q10: In the medium where E. coli was growing, lactose was added, which induced the lac operon. Then, why does lac operon shut down some time after addition of lactose in the medium?
- Q10: In the medium where E. coli was growing, lactose was added, which induced the lac operon. Then, why does lac operon shut down some time after addition of lactose in the medium?
- Q11(a): Explain (in one or two lines) the function of the followings: (a) Promoter
- Q11(a): Explain (in one or two lines) the function of the followings: Promoter
- Q11(b): Explain (in one or two lines) the function of the followings: (b) tRNA
- Q11(b): Explain (in one or two lines) the function of the followings: tRNA
- Q11(c): Explain (in one or two lines) the function of the followings: (c) Exons
- Q11(c): Explain (in one or two lines) the function of the followings: Exons
- Q12: Why is the Human Genome project called a mega project?
- Q12: Why is the Human Genome project called a mega project?
- Q13: What is DNA fingerprinting? Mention its application.
- Q13: What is DNA fingerprinting? Mention its application.
- Q14(a): Briefly describe the following: (a) Transcription
- Q14(a): Briefly describe the following: Transcription
- Q14(b): Briefly describe the following: (b) Polymorphism
- Q14(b): Briefly describe the following: Polymorphism
- Q14(c): Briefly describe the following: (c) Translation
- Q14(c): Briefly describe the following: Translation
- Q14(d): Briefly describe the following: (d) Bioinformatics
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
Top Tutors who teach Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Top Tutor
Jayanagar 4th block, Bangalore
11 yrs of
Exp
6 students
261 hrs of classes completed
500
per hour
Online Classes
- Helping the student gain confidence in him/herself and with respect to the subject - Thorough preparation with help of model and previous years' question papers - Understanding the student's learning style and adapting my teaching accordingly - Making lessons interesting by using different methods of teaching (Sharing YouTube links and relevant weblinks)
Her dedication to her students extends beyond the classroom, creating a lasting impact.one of the best teacher I have ever met ,In essence, she is not just a teacher but a mentor who inspires and shapes the minds and character of her students.
Top Tutor
C V Raman Nagar Viswa Vihar, Bangalore
20 yrs of
Exp
4 students
287 hrs of classes completed
1600
per hour
Online Classes
Education can not be forced onto a student. Teaching, more than imparting knowledge, is inspiring a change. Learning, more than just reading or memorising facts, is gaining knowledge or acquiring skills by studying. My way of teaching is conceptual, analytical, simplified and problem solving. Having worked as HOD for engineering college, I also counsel students in the areas of career development and motivation towards achieving their goals. I mentored several students to achieve good results in academic and competitive exams. I worked as a professor of Physics for Engineering college for 30 years and now taking online classes since 2018. I can teach Physics and Chemistry for 10th, 11th, 12th, UG and physics for all. Currently taking online tuitions for US, Canada and Indian students in Physics and Organic chemistry My students from US are from Heritage High School, Frisco, Texas;University of Dallas, Texas, University of Wisconsin, and Simon Fraser University, B. C. Canada.
Dr Mamatha is an extremely patient and diligent teacher. She broke down each concept in simple terms and helped me understand it in the easiest way possible. She was always willing to teach me again in case I stumbled or faced difficulty in any concept. I really started to understand physics beyond the textbook and approach the concepts in an informed way, after taking classes with her!
Top Tutor
Bhelagaon Rd Bhela, Bela Bhela
2 yrs of
Exp
2 students
33 hrs of classes completed
500
per hour
Online Classes
I am online tutor providing tuition for students and i have good experience and knowledge of teaching students and knowledge of subjects. I will help you in getting best marks in examination and in understanding the subjects
He sets daily tests and practice paper and has a great knowledge of his subject , he asks for updates regularly.
Top Tutor
Indiranagar, Bangalore
20 yrs of
Exp
18 students
884 hrs of classes completed
1000
per hour
Online Classes
Student's Home
Tutor's home
I am a Physics educator with 24+ years of teaching experience, specializing in CBSE, ISC, State Boards, and Class 12 Physics. Over the years, I have taught 100,000+ students, helping them build strong conceptual foundations and achieve excellent results in Board examinations as well as competitive entrance tests. My approach to teaching is simple: make every concept easy to understand, regardless of a student's current level. I focus on building strong fundamentals first, followed by numerical problem-solving, derivations, practical applications, and exam-oriented preparation. This enables students to perform confidently in both Board examinations and entrance exams like JEE Main and NEET. My classes include: complete Class 12 Physics syllabus; chapter-wise concept building and numericals; Board-oriented derivations and theory preparation; Previous Years' Questions (PYQs) and sample papers; regular tests, assignments, and performance analysis; personalized doubt-solving and revision sessions; premium study materials and handwritten notes. Every student learns differently, so I adapt my teaching style to suit each student's pace and learning needs. My objective is not only to help students score excellent marks in Class 12 but also to develop a deep understanding of Physics that prepares them for future academic success.
He made physics simple for me. A good teacher and he thoroughly explains every concept before moving to a new topic.
Top Tutor
Lake Town, Kolkata
10 yrs of
Exp
2 students
634 hrs of classes completed
650
per hour
Online Classes
I am an educator with 9 years of teaching experience, specializing in English and Social Science for students from Class 1 to Class 12. Over the years, I have worked with learners from diverse academic backgrounds and age groups, helping them build a strong understanding of concepts while improving their overall academic performance and confidence. I hold a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree and have also completed a TESOL certification. This professional training has strengthened my ability to teach English effectively, especially to students who are developing their language skills. It has helped me adopt learner-friendly techniques that focus on clarity, communication, and real-life usage of the language. My teaching experience spans primary, middle, and senior secondary levels, which allows me to adapt my teaching style according to the learner’s age and learning pace. In both English and Social Science, I focus on developing conceptual clarity, critical thinking, and answer-writing skills that are essential for school exams and overall academic growth. I follow a structured and well-planned lesson approach for every class. Each topic is taught step by step, starting from the basics and gradually moving to deeper understanding. I ensure that students are comfortable with the subject matter before progressing further, making learning less stressful and more effective. My classes are interactive and student-focused. I encourage students to ask questions, share their thoughts, and participate actively during lessons. I use practical examples, real-life connections, and discussions to make concepts easier to understand and more engaging, especially in subjects like Social Science. I conduct both online and offline classes and make use of PPTs and whiteboard-based teaching to support visual learning. My aim is to create a positive and supportive learning environment where students feel motivated, confident, and well-prepared to perform well academically while developing a genuine interest in English and Social Science.
Other Subjects in CBSE - Class 12
Download free CBSE - Class 12 Biology Molecular Basis of Inheritance EXERCISES worksheets
Download Now
