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Q14(c):
Briefly describe the following:
(c) Translation
Solution :
Theoretical Foundation of Translation
Translation is the biological process by which the sequence of nucleotides in messenger RNA (mRNA) is converted into a specific sequence of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. This process occurs in the cytoplasm on structures called ribosomes. The synthesis follows the directionality $5' \rightarrow 3'$ on the mRNA, corresponding to the $N$-terminus to $C$-terminus direction of the polypeptide.
Step 1: Activation of Amino Acids
Before translation begins, amino acids must be activated in the presence of $ATP$ and linked to their cognate $tRNA$. This process, known as aminoacylation of tRNA (or charging of $tRNA$), is catalyzed by the enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.
Reaction: $\text{Amino Acid} + ATP + tRNA \xrightarrow{\text{synthetase}} \text{Aminoacyl-tRNA} + AMP + PPi$ [Per the principle of enzymatic specificity].
Step 2: Initiation
The small subunit of the ribosome binds to the mRNA at the initiation codon (AUG). The initiator $tRNA$ carrying methionine ($fMet$ in prokaryotes) binds to the $P$-site of the ribosome. Subsequently, the large ribosomal subunit joins the complex, forming a functional $70S$ (or $80S$) initiation complex [Reference: The Ribosome Cycle].
Step 3: Elongation
The elongation cycle consists of three repeating steps:
- Codon Recognition: A new aminoacyl-$tRNA$ enters the $A$-site, where its anticodon base-pairs with the mRNA codon [Per Watson-Crick base pairing].
- Peptide Bond Formation: The enzyme peptidyl transferase (a ribozyme component of the large subunit) catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between the amino acid at the $P$-site and the amino acid at the $A$-site.
- Translocation: The ribosome shifts by one codon ($3$ nucleotides) toward the $3'$ end of the mRNA. The empty $tRNA$ moves to the $E$-site and exits, while the peptidyl-$tRNA$ moves to the $P$-site.
Step 4: Termination
Termination occurs when a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) enters the $A$-site. These codons are not recognized by any $tRNA$ but are recognized by Release Factors. These factors bind to the stop codon, causing the release of the polypeptide chain and the dissociation of the ribosomal subunits from the mRNA.
Summary of Translation Components
| Component | Functional Role |
|---|---|
| mRNA | Provides the genetic template (codons). |
| tRNA | Acts as an adaptor molecule (anticodons). |
| Ribosomes | Catalytic site for protein synthesis. |
| Release Factors | Terminate the translation process. |
Final Solution: Translation is the mechanism of protein synthesis where the genetic information stored in mRNA is decoded into a sequence of amino acids via tRNA adaptors on the ribosome, resulting in the formation of a functional polypeptide chain.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Molecular Basis of Inheritance EXERCISES
- Q1: Group the following as nitrogenous bases and nucleosides: Adenine, Cytidine, Thymine, Guanosine, Uracil and Cytosine.
- Q1: Group the following as nitrogenous bases and nucleosides: Adenine, Cytidine, Thymine, Guanosine, Uracil and Cytosine.
- Q2: If a double stranded DNA has 20 per cent of cytosine, calculate the per cent of adenine in the DNA.
- Q2: If a double stranded DNA has 20 per cent of cytosine, calculate the per cent of adenine in the DNA.
- Q3: If the sequence of one strand of DNA is written as follows: 5' -ATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGC-3' Write down the sequence of complementary strand in 5'\(\rightarrow\)3' direction.
- Q3: If the sequence of one strand of DNA is written as follows: 5' -ATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGC-3' Write down the sequence of complementary strand in 5'→3' direction.
- Q4: If the sequence of the coding strand in a transcription unit is written as follows: 5' -ATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGC-3' Write down the sequence of mRNA.
- Q4: If the sequence of the coding strand in a transcription unit is written as follows: 5' -ATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGC-3' Write down the sequence of mRNA.
- Q5: Which property of DNA double helix led Watson and Crick to hypothesise semi-conservative mode of DNA replication? Explain.
- Q5: Which property of DNA double helix led Watson and Crick to hypothesise semi-conservative mode of DNA replication? Explain.
- Q6: Depending upon the chemical nature of the template (DNA or RNA) and the nature of nucleic acids synthesised from it (DNA or RNA), list the types of nucleic acid polymerases.
- Q6: Depending upon the chemical nature of the template (DNA or RNA) and the nature of nucleic acids synthesised from it (DNA or RNA), list the types of nucleic acid polymerases.
- Q7: How did Hershey and Chase differentiate between DNA and protein in their experiment while proving that DNA is the genetic material?
- Q7: How did Hershey and Chase differentiate between DNA and protein in their experiment while proving that DNA is the genetic material?
- Q8(a): Differentiate between the followings: Repetitive DNA and Satellite DNA
- Q8(a): Differentiate between the followings: (a) Repetitive DNA and Satellite DNA
- Q8(b): Differentiate between the followings: mRNA and tRNA
- Q8(b): Differentiate between the followings: (b) mRNA and tRNA
- Q8(c): Differentiate between the followings: Template strand and Coding strand
- Q8(c): Differentiate between the followings: (c) Template strand and Coding strand
- Q9: List two essential roles of ribosome during translation.
- Q9: List two essential roles of ribosome during translation.
- Q10: In the medium where E. coli was growing, lactose was added, which induced the lac operon. Then, why does lac operon shut down some time after addition of lactose in the medium?
- Q10: In the medium where E. coli was growing, lactose was added, which induced the lac operon. Then, why does lac operon shut down some time after addition of lactose in the medium?
- Q11(a): Explain (in one or two lines) the function of the followings: (a) Promoter
- Q11(a): Explain (in one or two lines) the function of the followings: Promoter
- Q11(b): Explain (in one or two lines) the function of the followings: (b) tRNA
- Q11(b): Explain (in one or two lines) the function of the followings: tRNA
- Q11(c): Explain (in one or two lines) the function of the followings: (c) Exons
- Q11(c): Explain (in one or two lines) the function of the followings: Exons
- Q12: Why is the Human Genome project called a mega project?
- Q12: Why is the Human Genome project called a mega project?
- Q13: What is DNA fingerprinting? Mention its application.
- Q13: What is DNA fingerprinting? Mention its application.
- Q14(a): Briefly describe the following: (a) Transcription
- Q14(a): Briefly describe the following: Transcription
- Q14(b): Briefly describe the following: (b) Polymorphism
- Q14(b): Briefly describe the following: Polymorphism
- Q14(c): Briefly describe the following: Translation
- Q14(d): Briefly describe the following: (d) Bioinformatics
- Q14(d): Briefly describe the following: Bioinformatics
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
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