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Q4:
What is stomatal apparatus? Explain the structure of stomata with a labelled diagram.
Solution :
Definition: The Stomatal Apparatus
The stomatal apparatus is a specialized structural complex found in the epidermis of leaves and other aerial parts of plants. It functions as a regulatory gateway for gaseous exchange (transpiration and photosynthesis). The apparatus consists of three distinct components: stomal aperture, guard cells, and the surrounding subsidiary cells.
Structure and Components
- Stomatal Aperture: The central pore that connects the internal mesophyll tissues to the external atmosphere.
- Guard Cells: Specialized, kidney-shaped (in dicots) or dumbbell-shaped (in monocots) epidermal cells that flank the aperture. They contain chloroplasts and possess differentially thickened cell walls (inner walls facing the pore are thick and inelastic; outer walls are thin and elastic) [Regulation Principle: Turgor pressure dynamics].
- Subsidiary Cells: Specialized epidermal cells surrounding the guard cells that provide mechanical support and serve as a reservoir for ions and water during the opening and closing mechanism.
Visual Representation of a Dicot Stomata
Functional Mechanics
| Mechanism | Process |
|---|---|
| Opening | Active accumulation of $K^+$ ions in guard cells reduces water potential, causing endosmosis. Increased turgor pressure exerts force on the elastic outer walls, pulling the thick inner walls apart [Per the Cholodny-Went/Steward theory of osmotic regulation]. |
| Closing | Efflux of $K^+$ ions leads to water loss (exosmosis). Guard cells become flaccid, causing the thick inner walls to regain their original position, effectively closing the pore. |
Biological Significance
The stomatal apparatus is critical for the maintenance of homeostasis in plants. By modulating the aperture, the plant balances the requirement for $CO_2$ intake for the Calvin cycle (Photosynthesis) against the loss of $H_2O$ vapor (Transpiration). This is governed by the osmotic potential of the guard cell cytosol relative to the surrounding apoplast.
Final Solution: The stomatal apparatus consists of a central pore surrounded by two guard cells and varying numbers of subsidiary cells, functioning as a turgor-driven osmotic valve for gas exchange and transpiration regulation.
More Questions from Class 11 Biology Anatomy of Flowering Plants EXERCISES
- Q1(a): Draw illustrations to bring out the anatomical difference between (a) Monocot root and Dicot root
- Q1(b): Draw illustrations to bring out the anatomical difference between (b) Monocot stem and Dicot stem
- Q2: Cut a transverse section of young stem of a plant from your school garden and observe it under the microscope. How would you ascertain whether it is a monocot stem or a dicot stem? Give reasons.
- Q3: The transverse section of a plant material shows the following anatomical features - (a) the vascular bundles are conjoint, scattered and surrounded by a sclerenchymatous bundle sheaths. (b) phloem parenchyma is absent. What will you identify it as?
- Q5: Name the three basic tissue systems in the flowering plants. Give the tissue names under each system.
- Q6: How is the study of plant anatomy useful to us?
- Q7: Describe the internal structure of a dorsiventral leaf with the help of labelled diagrams.
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Anatomy of Flowering Plants
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Biology
- The Living World
- Biological Classification
- Plant Kingdom
- Animal Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Cell Cycle and Division
- Transport in Plants
- Mineral Nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration in Plants
- Plant Growth and Development
- Digestion and Absorption
- Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Excretory Products and Elimination
- Locomotion and Movement
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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