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Green seeds are the recessive trait, so they will only appear in the F2 generation if both parents carry the recessive allele. In the F1 generation, which results from crossing two purebred parents (one dominant and one recessive), all offspring will exhibit the dominant trait (red seeds).

The closer relation between species can be determined by the number of shared characteristics. If species A shares ten characteristics with species B and species C shares fifteen characteristics with species D, the pair of species C and D share a closer relation because they share a greater number of characteristics.

The insect buried in hot mud is more likely to be preserved better because hot mud can accelerate the process of fossilization by facilitating rapid decomposition of soft tissues and preserving the insect's body structure through mineralization. Additionally, hot mud can create an anaerobic environment that reduces microbial activity, further aiding in preservation.

An example of how genes control characteristics or traits is the gene responsible for eye color in humans. The gene for eye color (such as the OCA2 gene) determines the amount and type of pigment (melanin) produced in the iris. Variation in this gene can result in different eye colors, such as brown, blue, or green.

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, with one set inherited from each parent. When gametes (sperm and egg cells) are formed through meiosis, each gamete receives only one chromosome from each pair. During fertilization, the sperm (carrying 23 chromosomes) fuses with the egg (carrying 23 chromosomes), resulting in a zygote with the correct number of chromosomes (46 in total, arranged in 23 pairs).