What are the common ethical hacking methodologies?

Ethical hacking methodologies are systematic approaches used by security professionals to identify and address vulnerabilities in computer systems, networks, and applications. These methodologies guide ethical hackers, also known as penetration testers, through a structured process of assessing and securing a target system. While specific methodologies may vary, a commonly followed framework is the "five-phase" approach, often referred to as the "penetration testing lifecycle" or simply "ethical hacking methodology." Here are the common phases:

1. Reconnaissance:

   • Objective: Gather information about the target system.
   • Activities:
     • Passive Reconnaissance: Collect information without directly interacting with the target (e.g., WHOIS lookups, social engineering).
     • Active Reconnaissance: Interact directly with the target to collect more detailed information (e.g., scanning, network discovery).

2. Scanning:

   • Objective: Identify live hosts, open ports, and services running on the target system.
   • Activities:
     • Port Scanning: Determine which ports are open on target systems.
     • Network Scanning: Identify live hosts on the network.
     • Vulnerability Scanning: Identify potential vulnerabilities in target systems.

3. Gaining Access:

   • Objective: Exploit vulnerabilities to gain unauthorized access to the target system.
   • Activities:
     • Exploitation: Actively exploit vulnerabilities identified during scanning.
     • Password Attacks: Attempt to crack passwords or use other methods to gain access.

4. Maintaining Access:

   • Objective: Establish and maintain access to the target system without being detected.
   • Activities:
     • Backdoor Installation: Create a backdoor to maintain access.
     • Privilege Escalation: Increase user privileges to gain more control over the system.

5. Analysis and Reporting:

   • Objective: Document findings, assess the impact of vulnerabilities, and provide recommendations for mitigation.
   • Activities:
     • Analysis: Evaluate the impact of successful exploits on the target system.
     • Reporting: Prepare a detailed report outlining vulnerabilities, risks, and recommendations for improving security.

It's important to note that ethical hacking should always be performed with the explicit consent of the system owner. Additionally, the methodology should adhere to legal and ethical standards. Ethical hackers are expected to follow responsible disclosure practices and ensure that their activities do not harm the target systems.

Several frameworks and standards, such as the Open Source Security Testing Methodology Manual (OSSTMM) and the Information Systems Security Assessment Framework (ISSAF), also provide guidance on ethical hacking methodologies. The specific approach may vary based on the goals of the engagement and the scope of the testing.