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Q6:
List 10 modern-day animals and using the internet resources link it to a corresponding ancient fossil. Name both.

Solution :

Step 1: Evolutionary Framework

Modern biodiversity represents the extant descendants of ancestral lineages that have undergone significant morphological transitions over geological timescales. The following list correlates contemporary organisms with their phylogenetically significant fossil ancestors, established via comparative anatomy and molecular phylogenetics [Per Darwinian Descent with Modification].

Step 2: Taxonomic Correlation Table

Modern-Day Animal Corresponding Ancient Fossil
Horse (Equus ferus) Eohippus (Hyracotherium)
Elephant (Loxodonta/Elephas) Moeritherium
Whale (Balaenoptera) Pakicetus
Human (Homo sapiens) Australopithecus afarensis
Bird (Aves) Archaeopteryx lithographica
Camel (Camelus) Protylopus
Crocodile (Crocodylidae) Sarcosuchus
Dog/Wolf (Canis lupus) Hesperocyon
Armadillo (Dasypodidae) Glyptodon
Ostrich (Struthio camelus) Palaeotis

Step 3: Morphological Analysis of Transition (Example: Whale Evolution)

The transition from terrestrial ancestors to aquatic mammals serves as a primary exhibit of macroevolution. Pakicetus (Eocene epoch) displays terrestrial skeletal features, such as functional limbs for walking, whereas modern whales possess vestigial pelvic girdles and modified forelimbs into flippers [Ref: Homologous Structures].

Pakicetus (Fossil) Modern Whale Evolutionary Time

Step 4: Theoretical Justification

The correlation between these organisms is verified through:

  • Transitional Fossils: Specimens displaying intermediate traits between ancestral and descendant groups [Per Synthetic Theory of Evolution].
  • Vestigial Organs: Anatomical structures that have lost their original function through evolution, such as the pelvic bones in Cetaceans or the appendix in humans.
  • Geological Stratigraphy: The sequential appearance of these fossils in sedimentary layers confirms the temporal lineage [Per Law of Superposition].

Final Solution: The provided list confirms the evolutionary continuity between extant species and their ancestors, substantiated by the fossil record which demonstrates gradual morphological shifts driven by natural selection and environmental adaptation.


More Questions from Class 12 Biology Evolution EXERCISES


CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Evolution


Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology


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