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Q4.3:
Pick out the only vector quantity in the following list : Temperature, pressure, impulse, time, power, total path length, energy, gravitational potential, coefficient of friction, charge.

Solution :

Initial Categorization of Physical Quantities

To identify the vector quantity, we must evaluate each given physical quantity based on the requirement of having both a magnitude and a specific direction, following the laws of vector addition [Per the Axioms of Vector Algebra].

Quantity Nature Justification
Temperature Scalar Defined solely by a magnitude on a thermal scale.
Pressure Scalar Defined as Force/Area; while force is a vector, pressure acts normally in all directions at a point in a fluid (no unique direction).
Impulse Vector Defined as the product of force ($F$) and time interval ($\Delta t$). Since force is a vector, $J = \int F \, dt$ is a vector.
Time Scalar A one-dimensional parameter describing the interval between events.
Power Scalar Defined as the rate of work done ($dW/dt$); energy transfer rate has no inherent direction.
Total path length Scalar A measurement of the total distance traveled, regardless of displacement vector orientation.
Energy Scalar A capacity to do work, invariant under coordinate rotation.
Gravitational potential Scalar Work done per unit mass; a field quantity defined by a scalar value at a point in space.
Coefficient of friction Scalar A dimensionless ratio between frictional force and normal force, characterizing the nature of the surface interface.
Charge Scalar An intrinsic property of matter; magnitude only.

Mathematical Analysis of Impulse

Impulse ($J$) is defined by the change in linear momentum ($\Delta p$). Since momentum $p = mv$ (where $v$ is velocity, a vector), it follows that:

$\vec{J} = \vec{F}_{avg} \cdot \Delta t$

[By Newton's Second Law of Motion in terms of momentum: $\vec{F} = \frac{d\vec{p}}{dt} \implies d\vec{p} = \vec{F} dt$].

Because the average force $\vec{F}_{avg}$ is a vector quantity, the resulting impulse must possess the same directional orientation as the force applied during the time interval $\Delta t$.

Force Vector (F) Point of Application Impulse J = FΔt

Deduction

Upon reviewing the list provided against the criteria for vectors, only Impulse satisfies the requirement of possessing magnitude and a specific direction in three-dimensional space.

Final Solution: The only vector quantity in the provided list is Impulse.


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