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Q3.2:
Pick out the two scalar quantities in the following list : force, angular momentum, work, current, linear momentum, electric field, average velocity, magnetic moment, relative velocity.

Solution :

Definition of Scalar and Vector Quantities

To identify the scalar quantities from the provided list, we must apply the formal definitions of physical quantities:

  • Scalar Quantity: A physical quantity defined solely by its magnitude and unit. Scalars obey the rules of ordinary algebraic addition [Reference: Scalar Algebra].
  • Vector Quantity: A physical quantity defined by both magnitude and direction, obeying the laws of vector addition (e.g., triangle law or parallelogram law) [Reference: Vector Calculus].

Evaluation of Provided Quantities

We shall categorize each item based on its physical properties:

Quantity Classification Justification
Force Vector Requires magnitude and direction to describe an interaction [$F = ma$].
Angular Momentum Vector Defined by the cross product of position and linear momentum [$\vec{L} = \vec{r} \times \vec{p}$].
Work Scalar Defined as the dot product of force and displacement [$W = \vec{F} \cdot \vec{d}$].
Current Scalar Though it has a sense of flow, it does not obey vector addition laws; it follows Kirchhoff's algebraic rules [Reference: Ohm's Law/Circuit Theory].
Linear Momentum Vector Directed along the velocity vector [$\vec{p} = m\vec{v}$].
Electric Field Vector Defined by the force exerted per unit charge in a specific direction [$\vec{E} = \vec{F}/q$].
Average Velocity Vector Defined by the displacement vector divided by time interval [$\vec{v}_{avg} = \Delta\vec{x} / \Delta t$].
Magnetic Moment Vector Defined by the current loop area vector direction [$\vec{\mu} = I\vec{A}$].
Relative Velocity Vector Defined by the difference of two velocity vectors [$\vec{v}_{rel} = \vec{v}_A - \vec{v}_B$].

Visual Representation of Vector vs. Scalar Addition

Scalar Addition (1+2=3) Vector Addition (Resultant)

Conclusion of Analysis

Based on the rigorous evaluation of mathematical properties and physical definitions:

  • Work is a scalar because it is the scalar product (dot product) of two vectors.
  • Current is a scalar because it is a flux-related quantity that does not satisfy the requirements of vector algebra, specifically failing the polygon law of vector addition.

Final Solution: The two scalar quantities in the list are Work and Current.


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