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Q9(iii):
Let $R$ be a relation from $\mathbb{N}$ to $\mathbb{N}$ defined by $R = \{(a, b) : a, b \in \mathbb{N} \text{ and } a = b^2\}$. Are the following true? (iii) $(a,b) \in R, (b,c) \in R$ implies $(a,c) \in R$. Justify your answer in each case.
Solution :
Step 1: Formal Definition of the Relation
The relation $R$ is defined on the set of natural numbers $\mathbb{N}$ as $R = \{(a, b) : a, b \in \mathbb{N} \text{ and } a = b^2\}$.
The statement to evaluate is the transitivity property: $(a, b) \in R$ and $(b, c) \in R \implies (a, c) \in R$.
Step 2: Analytical Decomposition of the Condition
Let $(a, b) \in R$ and $(b, c) \in R$. By the definition provided in the problem statement, we have:
- $(a, b) \in R \implies a = b^2$ [Per the definition of the relation $R$]
- $(b, c) \in R \implies b = c^2$ [Per the definition of the relation $R$]
Step 3: Substitution and Logical Deduction
We substitute the expression for $b$ from the second equation into the first equation to determine the relationship between $a$ and $c$:
$a = (c^2)^2$
$a = c^4$ [By the Law of Indices, $(x^m)^n = x^{m \cdot n}$]
For the condition $(a, c) \in R$ to be true, it must satisfy the definition $a = c^2$. However, we have derived $a = c^4$.
Step 4: Counter-Example Construction
To disprove the statement, we must find a set of values $(a, b, c) \in \mathbb{N}$ that satisfy the antecedent but fail the consequent.
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| $c$ | $2$ |
| $b$ | $b = c^2 = 2^2 = 4$ |
| $a$ | $a = b^2 = 4^2 = 16$ |
Testing the condition $(a, c) \in R$ with these values:
- $(a, c) = (16, 2)$
- Is $16 = 2^2$? No, $16 \neq 4$.
Since $a = 16$ and $c = 2$, $a \neq c^2$. Therefore, $(16, 2) \notin R$.
Step 5: Visual Representation of the Non-Transitive Mapping
Final Solution: The statement is False. Since $a=b^2$ and $b=c^2$ implies $a=c^4$, and $c^4 \neq c^2$ for $c \in \mathbb{N} \setminus \{1\}$, the relation is not transitive. A counter-example is $(16, 4) \in R$ and $(4, 2) \in R$, but $(16, 2) \notin R$.
More Questions from Class 11 Mathematics Relations and Functions Miscellaneous Exercise on Chapter 2
- Q1: The relation $f$ is defined by $f(x) = \begin{cases} x^2, & 0 \le x \le 3 \\ 3x, & 3 \le x \le 10 \end{cases}$. The relation $g$ is defined by $g(x) = \begin{cases} x^2, & 0 \le x \le 2 \\ 3x, & 2 \le x \le 10 \end{cases}$. Show that $f$ is a function and $g$ is not a function.
- Q2: If $f(x) = x^2$, find $\frac{f(1.1) - f(1)}{1.1 - 1}$.
- Q3: Find the domain of the function $f(x) = \frac{x^2 + 2x + 1}{x^2 - 8x + 12}$.
- Q4: Find the domain and the range of the real function $f$ defined by $f(x) = \sqrt{x - 1}$.
- Q5: Find the domain and the range of the real function $f$ defined by $f(x) = |x – 1|$.
- Q6: Let $f = \{\left(x, \frac{x^2}{1+x^2}\right) : x \in \mathbb{R}\}$ be a function from $\mathbb{R}$ into $\mathbb{R}$. Determine the range of $f$.
- Q7: Let $f, g : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ be defined, respectively by $f(x) = x + 1$, $g(x) = 2x – 3$. Find $f + g$, $f – g$ and $\frac{f}{g}$.
- Q8: Let $f = \{(1,1), (2,3), (0,–1), (–1, –3)\}$ be a function from $\mathbb{Z}$ to $\mathbb{Z}$ defined by $f(x) = ax + b$, for some integers $a, b$. Determine $a, b$.
- Q9(i): Let $R$ be a relation from $\mathbb{N}$ to $\mathbb{N}$ defined by $R = \{(a, b) : a, b \in \mathbb{N} \text{ and } a = b^2\}$. Are the following true? (i) $(a,a) \in R$, for all $a \in \mathbb{N}$. Justify your answer in each case.
- Q9(ii): Let $R$ be a relation from $\mathbb{N}$ to $\mathbb{N}$ defined by $R = \{(a, b) : a, b \in \mathbb{N} \text{ and } a = b^2\}$. Are the following true? (ii) $(a,b) \in R$, implies $(b,a) \in R$. Justify your answer in each case.
- Q10(i): Let $A =\{1,2,3,4\}$, $B = \{1,5,9,11,15,16\}$ and $f = \{(1,5), (2,9), (3,1), (4,5), (2,11)\}$. Are the following true? (i) $f$ is a relation from $A$ to $B$. Justify your answer in each case.
- Q10(ii): Let $A =\{1,2,3,4\}$, $B = \{1,5,9,11,15,16\}$ and $f = \{(1,5), (2,9), (3,1), (4,5), (2,11)\}$. Are the following true? (ii) $f$ is a function from $A$ to $B$. Justify your answer in each case.
- Q11: Let $f$ be the subset of $\mathbb{Z} \times \mathbb{Z}$ defined by $f = \{(ab, a + b) : a, b \in \mathbb{Z}\}$. Is $f$ a function from $\mathbb{Z}$ to $\mathbb{Z}$? Justify your answer.
- Q12: Let $A = \{9,10,11,12,13\}$ and let $f : A \to \mathbb{N}$ be defined by $f(n) = \text{the highest prime factor of } n$. Find the range of $f$.
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Mathematics Relations and Functions
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Mathematics
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