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Q2:
If you are given a specimen, what are the steps that you would follow to classify it?
Solution :
Step 1: Assessment of Level of Organization
The primary diagnostic step is to determine the cellular complexity of the specimen. Microscopic examination is utilized to identify the organizational hierarchy [Ref: Biological Taxonomy Framework]:
- Cellular Level: Phylum Porifera (e.g., sponges).
- Tissue Level: Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria).
- Organ/Organ-System Level: Phylum Platyhelminthes to Chordata.
Step 2: Analysis of Symmetry
Determine the geometric arrangement of body parts relative to the central axis [Per the Principle of Morphological Symmetry]:
- Asymmetry: No plane passes through the center to divide the body into identical halves (e.g., most sponges).
- Radial Symmetry: Any plane passing through the central axis divides the body into identical halves (e.g., Coelenterata, Ctenophora, adult Echinodermata).
- Bilateral Symmetry: Only one plane can divide the body into left and right mirror images (e.g., Platyhelminthes to Chordata).
Step 3: Determining Germinal Layers
Evaluate the embryonic development state:
- Diploblastic: Two layers, ectoderm and endoderm, with undifferentiated mesoglea (e.g., Cnidarians).
- Triploblastic: Three layers, including a distinct mesoderm (e.g., Platyhelminthes to Chordata).
Step 4: Coelomic Cavity Classification
Examine the presence or absence of a body cavity (coelom) lined by mesoderm [Ref: The Linnaean Body Plan classification]:
| Condition | Definition | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Acoelomate | No body cavity | Platyhelminthes |
| Pseudocoelomate | Cavity present but not lined by mesoderm | Aschelminthes |
| Eucoelomate | True cavity lined by mesoderm | Annelida to Chordata |
Step 5: Segmentation and Notochord Identification
Check for metamerism (true segmentation) and the presence of a notochord, a mesodermally derived rod-like structure [Ref: Chordate diagnostic characteristics]:
- Notochord present: Phylum Chordata (further sub-classified into Protochordata and Vertebrata).
- Notochord absent: Non-chordate phyla.
Final Solution: The systematic classification follows a hierarchical checklist: assessment of organization level, symmetry type, number of germinal layers, presence/type of coelom, and the structural presence of a notochord or metameric segmentation to assign the specimen to its correct Phylum within the Kingdom Animalia.
More Questions from Class 11 Biology Animal Kingdom EXERCISES
- Q1: What are the difficulties that you would face in classification of animals, if common fundamental features are not taken into account?
- Q3: How useful is the study of the nature of body cavity and coelom in the classification of animals?
- Q4: Distinguish between intracellular and extracellular digestion?
- Q5: What is the difference between direct and indirect development?
- Q6: What are the peculiar features that you find in parasitic platyhelminthes?
- Q7: What are the reasons that you can think of for the arthropods to constitute the largest group of the animal kingdom?
- Q8: Water vascular system is the characteristic of which group of the following:
- Q9: “All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates”. Justify the statement.
- Q10: How important is the presence of air bladder in Pisces?
- Q11: What are the modifications that are observed in birds that help them fly?
- Q12: Could the number of eggs or young ones produced by an oviparous and viviparous mother be equal? Why?
- Q13: Segmentation in the body is first observed in which of the following:
- Q14: Match the following: (a) Operculum (i) Ctenophora (b) Parapodia (ii) Mollusca (c) Scales (iii) Porifera (d) Comb plates (iv) Reptilia (e) Radula (v) Annelida (f) Hairs (vi) Cyclostomata and Chondrichthyes (g) Choanocytes (vii) Mammalia (h) Gill slits (viii) Osteichthyes
- Q15: Prepare a list of some animals that are found parasitic on human beings.
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Animal Kingdom
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Biology
- The Living World
- Biological Classification
- Plant Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Cell Cycle and Division
- Transport in Plants
- Mineral Nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration in Plants
- Plant Growth and Development
- Digestion and Absorption
- Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Excretory Products and Elimination
- Locomotion and Movement
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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