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Q12:
Could the number of eggs or young ones produced by an oviparous and viviparous mother be equal? Why?
Solution :
1. Biological Reproductive Strategies
The reproductive output in animals is governed by life-history strategies, specifically the trade-off between the quantity of offspring and the investment provided per offspring [Per the Theory of Life History Evolution].
2. Comparative Analysis of Reproductive Modes
| Feature | Oviparous (Egg-laying) | Viviparous (Live-bearing) |
|---|---|---|
| Nutrient Source | Yolk (pre-supplied within the egg) | Maternal circulation (placenta) |
| Survival Risk | High (vulnerable to environment/predation) | Low (protected within maternal body) |
| Energy Expenditure | Lower per individual unit | Higher per individual unit |
3. Analysis of Offspring Quantity
The number of offspring produced by oviparous and viviparous mothers is rarely equal due to the following biological constraints:
- High Mortality Compensation (Oviparous): Oviparous organisms, particularly those that lay eggs in external environments (e.g., bony fish, amphibians), face high external mortality rates due to predation, environmental fluctuations, and lack of parental care. To ensure the survival of at least a fraction of the population, they must produce a r-selected strategy, resulting in a large number of eggs [By the principle of Survivorship Curves Type III].
- Resource Limitation (Viviparous): Viviparous organisms provide internal gestation and nourishment. The carrying capacity of the maternal uterus, combined with the metabolic cost of pregnancy and prolonged parental care, imposes a physical and energetic ceiling on the number of young that can be gestated simultaneously [By the Law of Conservation of Energy]. This forces a K-selected strategy, resulting in fewer offspring.
4. Graphical Representation of Energy Investment
5. Conclusion
The numbers are unequal because reproductive success is achieved through two divergent evolutionary paths. Oviparous species prioritize high fecundity to offset high mortality in unprotected environments, while viviparous species prioritize high individual survivability through heavy maternal investment, which necessitates a significant reduction in the total number of young produced.
Final Solution: The number of eggs or young ones produced is generally not equal. Oviparous mothers produce a large number of eggs to compensate for high external mortality, whereas viviparous mothers produce fewer young because the biological and energetic constraints of internal gestation prioritize the survival of each individual offspring.
More Questions from Class 11 Biology Animal Kingdom EXERCISES
- Q1: What are the difficulties that you would face in classification of animals, if common fundamental features are not taken into account?
- Q2: If you are given a specimen, what are the steps that you would follow to classify it?
- Q3: How useful is the study of the nature of body cavity and coelom in the classification of animals?
- Q4: Distinguish between intracellular and extracellular digestion?
- Q5: What is the difference between direct and indirect development?
- Q6: What are the peculiar features that you find in parasitic platyhelminthes?
- Q7: What are the reasons that you can think of for the arthropods to constitute the largest group of the animal kingdom?
- Q8: Water vascular system is the characteristic of which group of the following:
- Q9: “All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates”. Justify the statement.
- Q10: How important is the presence of air bladder in Pisces?
- Q11: What are the modifications that are observed in birds that help them fly?
- Q13: Segmentation in the body is first observed in which of the following:
- Q14: Match the following: (a) Operculum (i) Ctenophora (b) Parapodia (ii) Mollusca (c) Scales (iii) Porifera (d) Comb plates (iv) Reptilia (e) Radula (v) Annelida (f) Hairs (vi) Cyclostomata and Chondrichthyes (g) Choanocytes (vii) Mammalia (h) Gill slits (viii) Osteichthyes
- Q15: Prepare a list of some animals that are found parasitic on human beings.
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Animal Kingdom
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Biology
- The Living World
- Biological Classification
- Plant Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Cell Cycle and Division
- Transport in Plants
- Mineral Nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration in Plants
- Plant Growth and Development
- Digestion and Absorption
- Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Excretory Products and Elimination
- Locomotion and Movement
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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