IBPS SO Updates

Earlier Law was classified broadly into two categories first one civil law and the second one criminal law. But the philosopher like Austin etc. are not agreed with this concept, so a globalisation approach to classifying the Law was adopted and according to that Law can be classified into the following two categories.

1.International Law

2. Municipal Law

Further International Law can be classified into two categories

1. Public Law- There is some etiquette between two countries or more than two countries that should be followed accordingly.

2 Private law - It is between any sovereign country and a party

Municipal Law is based on the Law which is in the territory of any Nation.It can be classified into three categories

1. Constitutional Law- That describes the nature of the three organs of a country, i.e. Legislative Judiciary and Executive

2. Administrative law- It describes the relationship between different government bodies. How they have to function in inter-ministerial work

3. Criminal Law- If a person intentionally or not intentionally doing any act of crime then he is dangerous to our social system So criminal Law is very Important

Apart from the above the law there is the various law that depends on place time custom etc. but the primary motive of an act should be that it reflects the spirit of the common man.

I have almost 6 years of exp in .net technology but i am.interested in front end development. I can say web development. Can I change my domain and survive in IT industry

Hope you read our previous note about the basic concept of python-decorators, if not, please read first

Let see what are the possible ways to utilise the decorators in real time.

Well, here we are going to learn the important 3 parameters passing into the decorator

1) Passing parameter to the decorator
2) passing the function as a parameter to the decorator
3) passing parameter to the function which we are passing to the decorator

DECORATOR FUNCTION - Usually kept hidden from the programmer as part of framework,
and, allow the programmer import this file to use

def moneyConversion(ConvertInto, InvestmentAmount):
moneyValue = {'USD': 61, 'SGD': 55, 'AUD': 51, 'DIRHAM': 18}
def Wrapper(InterstCalculator): #Wrapper is not a keyword, we can have any name for this method
if ConvertInto:
amount = InterstCalculator(InvestmentAmount)
newMoney = {}
for person in amount:
newMoney[person] = amount[person] / moneyValue[ConvertInto]
print newMoney
return Wrapper

InvestmentAmount = {'christ':1000,'Guna':5000, 'Rita': 1500, 'Habib': 3500, 'David': 5000}

interestRate = 6 # 6% (but we are not using this variable anywhere)

# It is our usual function that find the interest(amount*6/100) amount for the investors money
@moneyConversion('USD',InvestmentAmount)
def findInterest(Amount):
interestAmount = {}
for investor in Amount:
interestAmount[investor] = Amount[investor]*6/100
return interestAmount

What can we understand from the above example?

1) @moneyConversion('USD', InvestmentAmount) - This is the way we can pass a parameter to the decorator

2) The function(findInterest) will be passed to the Wrapper function which exists in the decorator
     i.e., InterstCalculator = findInterest

3) Finally, we are extending the functionality of find interest into converting the INR to other Currencies

4) Decorator plays an important role in Framework development like Flask, Django, Robot                 

    Framework, etc.,

TESCO

Tesco is the leading United Kingdom retailer, with a turnover of more than £42.6Billion in 2007. It has nearly 1,800 branches in Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom and 638 stores in Central Europe and 636 branches in the Far East. There are 65,000 stock keeping units based on the store size as Tesco widens its dominance in the non-food market. This enormous range is supported by more than 3000 suppliers providing high-end service of at least 98.5 % by supplying to Tesco within a short duration. Yearly, 2.5 billion cases of products are delivered from suppliers to stores. The mission of the Tesco is to give value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty. Maximum on-shelf availability and a broad variety of products are the key aspects of the mission.

Tesco is using Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) to place an order from nearly 2500 of its suppliers since 1980s. In the early 1990s, it started using its Electronic Data Interchange network to assist its supplier’s for improved forecast demand. Nearly 1200 suppliers will receive the Electronic Data Interchange messages with information’s regarding the exact store demand, Warehouse stock details and weekly sales forecasts, thus implementing Supply chain strategy alignment to reduce Bullwhip effect in the early 90s itself.

What makes Tesco Lean?

In the 2000s, Tesco followed the lean supply chain strategy model to reduce waste in the supply chain. The ordering system for replacement was depended on customer demand. The supplier has made agreements with Tesco to support JIT environment and technology developments. Tesco enabled online shopping for their customers and to measure performances effectively steering wheel and Balance scorecard were introduced. Radio Frequency Identification Technology (RFID) was employed to fasten the supply chain.

The three main functions of United Kingdom-based Tesco are:

•     Distribution: the operations and support task of managing Tesco’s distribution centres, and the distribution of products from the DCs to the associated stores;
•     Network and capacity planning: the task of implementing and planning sufficient capacity in the supply chain. This is to ensure that the right products can be procured in the right quantities now and in the future;
•     Supply chain development: the task of improving Tesco’s supply chain so that its processes are stable and in control, that it is efficient, and that it is correctly structured to meet the logistics needs of information flow and material flow.

TESCO’s Supply Chain - SWOT Analysis

Strength

•     Leading supermarket in the United Kingdom.
•     Financial power is very strong
•     Expanded in 12 countries
•     Updating innovations and technology
•     Loyalty plans

Weaknesses

•     Expansion of business minimised the focus on core business
•     Concentrated more only in UK markets
•     More logistics cost.
•     Lack of experience in tablet and smartphones markets.
•     Too many insurance claims

Factors behind the decline of Tesco

The main reason for the decline in the performance of Tesco relies on many factors, both internal and external. Externally, the global financial crisis had a downbeat influence on earnings and hastens the increase of polarised custom, which makes Tesco to offer promotions like three- for- two, half priced products etc., The buying habit of consumers was changed as they prefer online shopping. Internally, some factors may have contributed to losing sight of their customer. These include an over-focus on technological changes and too much emphasis on extended supply chains, where low cost is chased through efficiency at the expense of effective provision of provenance and erosion of core values, which undermined customers’ trust.

Tesco Failure in the United States

In the year 2007, Tesco with an initial investment of £250 million per year entered United States grocery market. In early 2013, it has sold the majority of its business to Yucaipa, a United States investor. Some studies revealed the reason for the failure was that Tesco had taken much inappropriate entry and operational strategies. The wholly owned subsidiary is another key factor for failure of Tesco in the US. Some other suggested Tesco lacked cultural adoption and made the US customers to shop like UK customer (Tesco's American dream, 2008). The self-service checkout is the lacking place in customer service.

Recommendations to improve supply chain

The shopping trend of the customer has been migrated towards online shopping. The online shopping giant Asda grabs the customer of Tesco, and it eventually results in weak sales. Hence it is vital to have an online business. Trust of the customer is considered as the competitive advantage. Asda,  WalMart Stores UK  expands its online, pick-up and delivery services is the secret sauce that develops its online grocery presence. Asda is the second largest retail chain in the United Kingdom with a market share of 17.5% in 2009.

Tesco provides more quality products at reasonable price thereby follow the concept of “Value for Money”. ASDA, on the other hand, provides lowest prices in the market and supplied cheap price products.

The frequency of customer complaints grades the Quality of service. Tesco is getting complaints from a customer about its product, service and home delivery. To maintain its global position, Tesco has to improve secure loyal customer and services. Asda is a customer-focused concern with a caring nature and keeps a genuine interest in what customers feel and think. As a division of its promotional strategy, it presents a variety of “retailments” for customers like firework parties, skating nights and drive-in movies.

To avoid failure in the supply chain, Tesco should follow demand forecasting method. It can be recommended to implement moving average forecast for the period of 1 day, four days and 7 days and a weighted combination of these three moving average are clubbed into a single forecast using the coefficient of reactivity. For instance, Milk is having steady demand, and it is assigned more weightage of 1 and weightage 7 is assigned to ice creams as it is seasonal demand. A manager should be assigned to supervise every product category to review the coefficient of reactivity. The forecast should be regulated according to seasonality, weather reports, special occasions, national holidays and events.

Accounting is the language of business. The objective of such language is to communicate information which is useful for varied category of people. Collectively we call them as “Users of financial statements”. Day by day, users of financial statement getting expanded, here is the list of “Users” which can be remembered in our Traditional “A,B, C, D .. Format.

1800:

Joseph Marie Jacquard teaches a loom to read punch cards, creating the first heavily multi-threaded processing unit. His invention was fiercely opposed by the silk-weavers who expected the birth of Skynet.

1842:

Ada Lovelace gets bored of being noble and scribbles in a notebook what will later be known as the first published computer program, only slightly inconvenienced by the fact that there were no computers around at the time.

1936:

Alan Turing invents everything, the British courts do not approve and have him chemically castrated.

The Queen later pardoned him, but unfortunately he had already been dead for centuries at that time.

1936:

Alonzo Church also invents everything with Turing, but from across the pond and was not castrated by the Queen.

1954:

John Backus creates FORTRAN which is the first language that real programmers use.

1957:

Grace Hopper invents the first enterprise ready business oriented programming language and calls it the “common business-oriented language” or COBOL for short.

1958:

ALGOL (short for Algorithmic Language) was developed jointly by a committee of European and American computer scientists in 1958. ALGOL introduced code blocks and the begin…end pairs for delimiting them. It was also the first language implementing nested function definitions with lexical scope. Moreover, it was the first programming language which gave detailed attention to formal language definition.

1958:

Lisp was invented by John McCarthy in 1958 while he was at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Lisp is an expression oriented language. Unlike most other languages, no distinction is made between "expressions" and "statements"; all code and data are written as expressions. When an expression is evaluated, it produces a value (in Common Lisp, possibly multiple values), which can then be embedded into other expressions. Each value can be any data type. Lisp pioneered many ideas in computer science, including tree data structures, automatic storage management, dynamic typing, conditionals, higher-order functions, recursion, the self-hosting compiler, and the read–eval–print loop. It quickly became the favored programming language for artificial intelligence (AI) research.

Around 1958:

COMIT was the first string processing language developed on the IBM 700/7000 series computers by Dr. Victor Yngve and collaborators at MIT from 1957 to 1965. Yngve created the language for supporting computerized research in the field of linguistics, and more specifically, the area of machine translation for natural language processing.

1960:

APL (named after the book A Programming Language) is a programming language developed in the 1960s by Kenneth E. Iverson. Its central datatype is the multidimensional array. It uses a large range of special graphic symbols to represent most functions and operators, leading to very concise code. It has been an important influence on the development of concept modeling, spreadsheets, functional programming, and computer math packages. It is still used today for certain applications.

1960:

ALGOL 60 (short for Algorithmic Language 1960) is a member of the ALGOL family of computer programming languages developed by Edsger W. Dijkstra and Jaap A. Zonneveld. ALGOL 60 was the first language implementing nested function definitions with lexical scope.

1962:

SNOBOL (StriNg Oriented and symBOlic Language) is a series of computer programming languages developed between 1962 and 1967 at AT&T Bell Laboratories by David J. Farber, Ralph E. Griswold and Ivan P. Polonsky, culminating in SNOBOL4. It was one of a number of text-string-oriented languages. SNOBOL4 stands apart from most programming languages of its era by having patterns as a first-class data type (i.e. a data type whose values can be manipulated in all ways permitted to any other data type in the programming language) and by providing operators for pattern concatenation and alternation.

1964:

PL/I (Programming Language One) is a procedural, imperative computer programming language designed for scientific, engineering, business and system programming uses. It has been used by various academic, commercial and industrial organizations since it was introduced in the 1960s, and continues to be actively used.

1964:

Simula is the name of two simulation programming languages, Simula I and Simula 67, developed in the 1960s at the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo, by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard. Syntactically, it is a fairly faithful superset of ALGOL 60. Simula is considered the first object-oriented programming language. As its name suggests, Simula was designed for doing simulations. Simula 67 introduced objects, classes, inheritance and subclasses, virtual procedures, coroutines, and discrete event simulation, and features garbage collection. Also other forms of subtyping (besides inheriting subclasses) were introduced in Simula derivatives.

1964: Basic

In 1964, John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz designed the original BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) language at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire, United States. They wanted to enable students in fields other than science and mathematics to use computers. Having an easy-to-learn language on these early personal computers allowed small business owners, professionals, hobbyists, and consultants to develop custom software on computers they could afford.

1964: TRAC

TRAC (for Text Reckoning And Compiling) Language is a programming language developed between 1959-1964 by Calvin Mooers and implemented on a PDP-10 in 1964 by L. Peter Deutsch. TRAC is a purely text-based language—a kind of macro language. Unlike traditional ad hoc macro languages of the time, such as those found in assemblers, TRAC is well planned, consistent, and in many senses complete. It has explicit input and output operators. TRAC is, like APL or LISP, an expression oriented language.

Around 1965: CPL

Around 1966: Algol W

1967: BCPL

1968: Logo

1969: B

1969:

Alan Kay invents object oriented programming and calls it Smalltalk, in Smalltalk everything is an object, even an object is an object. No one really has time to understand the meaning of small talk.

1970: Forth

1970: Pascal

1970: Icon

1970: Algol 68

1970:

Niklaus Wirth makes Pascal become a thing along with a number of other languages, he likes making languages. He also invents Wirth’s law which makes Moore’s law obsolete because software developers will write so bloated software that even mainframes cannot keep up. This will later be proven to be true with the invention of Electron.js.

1971:

Dennis Ritchie got bored during work hours at Bell Labs so he decided to make C which had curly braces so it ended up being a huge success. Afterwards he added segmentation faults and other developer friendly features to aid productivity.

Still having a couple of hours remaining he and his buddies at Bell Labs decided to make an example program demonstrating C, they make a operating system called Unix.

1972: PL/M

1974: Clu

1975: Modula

1975: Scheme

1978: awk

1978: csh

Around 1978: InterPress

1978: JaM

1979: Rex

1979: Ada

1980: C with Classes

1981: ABC

1982: ksh

1983: Turbo Pascal

1983: Objective-C

1983: C++

1983: ML

1984: PostScript

1984: Neon

1984: Concurrent C

1984: Common Lisp

1985: Object Pascal

1986: Eiffel

1987: Oberon

1987: Caml

1987:

Larry Wall has a religious experience, becomes a preacher and makes Perl the doctrine.

1983:

Jean Ichbiah notices that Ada Lovelace programs never actually ran and decided to create a language with her name but the language continues to be not run.

1986:

Brac Box and Tol Move decide to make an unreadable version of C based on Smalltalk which they call Objective-C but no one is able to understand the syntax.

1983:

Bjarne Stroustrup travels back to the future and notices that C is not taking enough time to compile, he adds every feature he can think of to the language and names it C++.

Programmers everywhere adopt it so they have genuine excuses to watch cat videos and read xkcd while working.

1988: Tcl

1988: Modula 3

1989: Yerk

1989: Clos

1989: bash

1991: NetRexx

1991: Java

1991: Sather

Around 1991: Visual Basic

1991:

Guido van Rossum does not like culy braces and invents Python, syntax choices were inspired by Monty Python and the Flying Circus.

Around 1993: Mops

1993:

Roberto Ierusalimschy and friends decide they need a scripting language local to Brazil, during localization an error was made that made indices start counting from 1 instead of 0, they named it Lua.

1993:

Yukihiro Matsumoto is not very happy, he notices other programmers are not happy. He creates Ruby to make programmers happy. After creating Ruby “Matz” is happy, the Ruby community is happy, everyone is happy.

1994:

Rasmus Lerdorf makes a template engine for his personal homepage CGI scripts, he releases his dotfiles on the web.

The world decides to use these dotfiles for everything and in a frenzy Rasmus throws some extra database bindings in there for the heck of it and calls it PHP.

1995: Delphi

1995: PHP

1995:

Brendan Eich takes the weekend off to design a language that will be used to power every single web browser in the world power and eventually Skynet . He originally went to Netscape and said it was called LiveScript but Java became popular during the code review so they decided they better use curly braces and rename it to JavaScript.

Java turned out to be a trademark that would get them in trouble, JavaScript later gets renamed to ECMAScript and everyone still calls it JavaScript.

1996: J

1996: Objective Caml

1996:

James Gosling invents Java, the first truly overly verbose object oriented programming language where design patterns rule supreme over pragmatism.

Its super effective, the manager provider container provider service manager singleton manager provider pattern is born.

2000:

Anders Hejlsberg re-invents Java and calls it C# because programming in C feels cooler than Java. Everyone loves this new version of Java for totally not being like Java.

2000: Internet C++

2005:

David Hanselmeyer Hansen creates a web framework called Ruby on Rails, people no longer remember that the two are separate things.

2006:

John Resig writes a helper library for JavaScript, everyone thinks it’s a language and make careers of copy and pasting jQuery codes from the internets.

2009:

Ken Thompson and Rob Pike decide to make a language like C, but with more safety equipment and more marketable and with Gophers as mascots.

They call it Go, make it open source and sell Gopher branded kneepads and helmets separately.

2010:

Graydon Hoare also wants to make a language like C, he calls it Rust. Everyone demands that every single piece of software be rewritten in Rust immediately. Graydon wants shinier things and starts working on Swift for Apple.

2012:

Anders Hjelsberg wants to write C# in web browsers, he designs TypeScript which is JavaScript but with more Java in it.

2013:

Jeremy Ashkenas wants to be happy like Ruby developers so he creates CoffeeScript which compiles to be JavaScript but looks more like Ruby. Jeremy never became truly happy like Matz and Ruby developers.

2014:

Chris Lattner makes Swift with the primary design goal of not being Objective-C, in the end it looks like Java.

2016:

2016: Ring