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Asked on 03/12/2021 Learn Unit 2-Genetics and Evolution

How is repetitive/satellite DNA separated from bulk genomic DNA for various genetic experiments.  

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Asked on 03/12/2021 Learn Unit 2-Genetics and Evolution

Mention the role of the codons AUG and UGA during protein synthesis.

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Asked on 03/12/2021 Learn Unit 2-Genetics and Evolution

Mention the contribution of genetic maps in human genome project.

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Asked on 03/12/2021 Learn Unit 2-Genetics and Evolution

Mention any two ways in which Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in human genome, can... read more
Mention any two ways in which Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in human genome, can bring out revolutionary changes in biological and medical sciences? read less

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Asked on 03/12/2021 Learn Unit 2-Genetics and Evolution

State which human chromosome has (i)the maximum number of genes and(ii)the one which has the least number of genes

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Asked on 03/12/2021 Learn Unit 2-Genetics and Evolution

.Given below is a schematic representation of a lac operon in the absence of an inducer. Identify ‘A’ and ‘B’ in it.

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Asked on 03/12/2021 Learn Unit 2-Genetics and Evolution

 How would lac operon operate in E.coli growing in a culture medium where lactose is present as source of sugar?  

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Asked on 03/12/2021 Learn Unit 2-Genetics and Evolution

Where does peptide bond formation occur in a bacterial ribosome and how?(i) Name the scientist who suggested... read more
Where does peptide bond formation occur in a bacterial ribosome and how?(i) Name the scientist who suggested that the genetic code should be made of a combination of three nucleotides. read less

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Asked on 03/12/2021 Learn Unit 2-Genetics and Evolution

Why is charging of fRNA necessary during translation process?

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Lesson Posted on 28/05/2020 Learn Principles of Inheritance and Variation +2 Molecular Biology Biology

What is a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?

Alka Srivastava

• I am doing my PhD in Botany from CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute. • I have completed my...

It is a revolutionary method developed by Kary Mullis in the 1980s, used to synthesize a new strand of DNA complementary to the offered template strand. Components of PCR: 1. DNA template- the DNA strand that contains the target sequence which has to be multiplied. 2. DNA Polymerase enzyme- a type... read more

It is a revolutionary method developed by Kary Mullis in the 1980s, used to synthesize a new strand of DNA complementary to the offered template strand. 

Components of PCR:

1. DNA template- the DNA strand that contains the target sequence which has to be multiplied.

2. DNA Polymerase enzyme- a type of enzyme that synthesizes new strands of DNA complementary to the target sequence. The first and most commonly used of these enzymes is Taq DNA polymerase (from Thermus aquaticus), whereas PfuDNA polymerase (from Pyrococcus furiosus) is used widely because of its higher fidelity when copying DNA.

3. Primers- a short sequence of nucleotides that provides an initiation point for DNA synthesis.

4. dNTPs(deoxynucleotides triphosphates)- single units of the bases A, T, G, and C, which are essentially "building blocks" for new DNA strands.

Steps in PCR:

1. Denaturation (96°): Heat the reaction strongly to separate, or denature, the DNA strands. This provides a single-stranded template for the next step.

2. Annealing (55°C-65°C): Cool the reaction so the primers can bind to their complementary sequences on the single-stranded template DNA.

3. The extension (72°): Raise the reaction temperatures so Taq polymerase extends the primers, synthesizing new strands of DNA.

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